Equity (Boston), 1874-1875. Machinists' and Blacksmiths' Monthly Journal (Cleveland), 1872. Printers' Circular (Philadelphia), 1866. PART VI. UPHEAVAL AND REORGANISATION, 1876–1897 The secondary sources for this period naturally are more abundant than for previous periods. Dr. Ely's Labor Movement in America, published in 1886, during the climax of the upheaval, gives a contemporary appraisal by a trained eye of the social forces then at work. Waltershausen's Die nordamerikanischen Gewerkschaften, etc., and his Der moderne Sozialismus in den Vereinigten Staaten von America (Berlin, 1890) are also exceedingly helpful. Although he was clearly wrong in his conclusion that as a result of the growth of factory system of production, the mixed organisation of labour as typified by the Knights of Labor will come to prevail over separate organisation by trades, he none the less deserves to be classed among the keenest observers of American industrial life. His treatment of the subject is comprehensive and objective, although the book on socialism might benefit by a closer organisation of the material. A valuable cross-section description of the American labour movement during a period for which the then existing material is most meagre, namely, the later seventies, is found in Professor Henry W. Farnam's " Die Amerikanischen Gewerkvereine," in Schriften des Vereins fur Sozialpolitik (Leipzig, 1879), 1–39. Sorge's contribution is particularly valuable for this period. He published one series of articles in the Stuttgart Neue Zeit (1891-1892, I, 206, 388; II, 197, 239, 268, 324, 453, and 495; 1894-1895, II, 196, 234, 272, 304, and 330; 1895-1896, II, 101, 132, 236, 262), as a connected history of the labour movement in America from 1877 to 1896, and another series in the same publication (1891-1892, II, 740 and 782; 18921893, I, 236 and 270, II, 326; 1894-1895, I, 14, 43, 71, 111, 147), currently describing labour events from 1892 to 1895. Morris Hillquit's History of Socialism in the United States (New York, 1903) is the only work on the subject in the English language. As a piece of historical research it is not as good as the above mentioned, but it is valuable for the period after 1890, when the author was able to draw upon personal observation and experience. George E. McNeill's The Labor Movement - The Problem of To-day contains several valuable chapters on this period, especially chapters IX on the textile trades, X on the miners, XV on the Knights of Labor, and the end of V on the International Labor Union. Terence V. Powderly's Thirty Years of Labor (Columbus, Ohio, 1889) is semi-historical and semirhetorical. It contains valuable information on the beginnings of the Knights of Labor. The book is valuable as a mirror of the state of mind of the foremost leader of the Knights of Labor at a time when his authority was still unshaken although already questioned. A short "History of the Labor Movement in Chicago" was written by George A. Schilling and published in the Life of Albert R. Parsons (Chicago, 1903). Schilling relates the events which led up to the Haymarket catastrophe from the point of view of one who was an adherent of the "political" faction in socialism. There is no lack of public documents dealing with the subject of labour organisation during this period. The Census of 1880 published statistics on strikes and labour organisations for that year. (Tenth Census, XX, "Report on Statistics of Wages ... with Supplementary Reports on . . . Trade Societies, and Strikes, and Lockouts," Washington, 1886). The first attempt towards a comprehensive inquiry into labour conditions in the United States was made by the Senate Committee on Education and Labor in 1883. The Committee published four volumes of testimony in 1885, but it never presented a report. The testimony elicited, while important in many respects, is too fragmentary in nature to be of great value. The first successful comprehensive labour investigation was carried through by the Industrial Commission which 1 Nor were the published volumes of testimony included in the regular congressional set. was appointed by President McKinley in 1898. The nineteen volumes of report and testimony (Washington, 1900, 1901, and 1902) while naturally paying the closest attention to the current and recent events of that time, abound also in material pertaining to the history of labour during the eighties and nineties. The following are the more important special government reports: Report of the Joint Special Committee to Investigate Chinese Immigration," Senate Document, 44th Cong., 2d sess., 1876– 1877, No. 689 (Washington, 1877); "Depression in Labor and Business," House Document, 45th Cong., 3rd sess., 1878-1879, No. 29; "Report on Importation of Contract Labor," Senate Document, 48th Cong., 1st sess., 1883-1884, No. 820; "Report on Importation of Foreign Contract Labor," House Document, 48th Cong., 1st sess., 1883-1884, No. 444; " Report of House Select Committee on Labor Troubles in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas and Texas," House Document, 49th Cong., 2d sess., 1886-1887, No. 4174; " Report of House Select Committee on Existing Labor Troubles in Pennsylvania," House Document, 50th Cong., 2d sess., 1888-1889, No. 4147; "Report of Senate Select Committee on Employment of Armed Guards," etc., Senate Document, 52d Cong., 2d sess., 1892-1893, No. 1280; Report of the United States Strike Commission on the Chicago Strike of June and July, 1894 (Washington, 1895); the same in Senate Document, 53d Cong., 3d sess., 1894-1895, No. 7; and the Proceedings of the Hocking Valley Investigating Committee of the General Assembly of the State of Ohio (Columbus, O., 1885). But of the greatest importance are, of course, the reports of the national and state bureaus of labour. The Bureau of Labor at Washington was created in 1884 as a part of the Department of the Interior. It became an independent Department of Labor in 1888, which in 1905, was merged into the newly created Department of Commerce and Labor. In 1912, with the re-establishment of the Department of Labor and with the creation of the Office of Secretary of Labor, it became the Bureau of Labor Statistics in that Department. The following is the order in which the several state bureaus of labour issued their first reports: 1877-Ken 1870 Massachusetts; 1873 Pennsylvania; tucky and Ohio; 1878 New Jersey; 1879 - Indiana and Mis souri; 1881-Illinois; 1883-New York; 1884- California, Michigan, and Wisconsin; 1885 - Connecticut, Iowa, Kansas, and Maryland; 1887-Maine, North Carolina, and Rhode Island; 1888 Colorado, Minnesota, and Nebraska; 1890-West Virginia, North Dakota, and Arkansas; 1892-Tennessee; 1893Montana and New Hampshire; 1894 - Utah. I. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. United States First Annual Report of the Commisioner of Labor, March, 1886, "Industrial Depressions." Third Annual Report, 1887, "Strikes and Lockouts." Eleventh Special Report, 1904, "Regulation and Restriction "Conciliation in the Stove Industry," John P. Frey and John R. Commons, Bulletin of the Bureau of Labor, XII, Jan., 1906, 124-196. California-Third Biennial Report, 1887-1888, "Trades Unions and Labor Organizations," 109–192. Colorado-First Biennial Report, 1887-1888, "The Labor Movement," 70-108. Connecticut-Third Annual Report, 1887, "Labor Organizations in Connecticut," 353-379. Illinois - Second Biennial Report, "Strikes in Chicago and Vicinity," 261-286. Fourth Biennial Report, 1885-1886,." Trade and Labor Organizations in Illinois," 145-163; "The Eight-Hour Movement in Chicago, May, 1886," 466-498. Kansas-Second Annual Report, 1886, "The Southwestern Strike," 21-72. Maine Statistics of the Industries of Maine for 1886, "Labor Troubles," 95-105. Massachusetts-Twelfth Annual Report, 1881, "Industrial Arbitration and Conciliation," 5-75. Thirteenth Annual Report, 1882, "Fall River, Lowell, and Sixteenth Annual Report, 1885, "Pullman," Joint Report of Michigan-Third Annual Report, 1886, "Strikes in Michigan, March 1 to December 1, 1885," 83-134. Missouri-Fourth Annual Report, 1882, "Strike Statistics," 121123. Eighth Annual Report, 1886, "The Official History of 1886 Strike on the Southwestern Railway System," Appendix, 5-117. New Jersey Tenth Annual Report, 1887, "Labor Organization in America and England," 3-64. New York-Third Annual Report, 1885, "Strikes," 195-330; "Boycotts," 331-362; "Labor Organizations," 539-605. Fourth Annual Report, 1886, "Strikes," 411-710; "Boycotting," 713-806. Fifth Annual Report, 1887, "Strikes of 1887," 39-517; Annual Report, 1911, "New York Typographical Union Ohio Third Annual Report, 1879, "Trade and Labor Organizations," 258-262. Fifth Annual Report, 1881, "Trade and Labor Organizations," 97-100. Seventh Annual Report, 1883, "Labor Troubles," 213–254. Pennsylvania-Tenth Annual Report, 1881-1882, "Labor Troubles in Pennsylvania, 1882," 144-192. Rhode Island Second Annual Report, 1888, "Labor Organizations," 86-97. Wisconsin-First Biennial Report, 1883-1884, "Trade and Labor Unions," 119-139. Second Biennial Report, 1885-1886, "Strikes and Industrial Disturbances," 238-313; "The Eight-Hour Day," 314371; "Boycotting in Wisconsin," 377-390. Eleventh Census Compendium, 1890. United States, Statistical Abstract, 1915. II. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. Adelphon Kruptos. (n. p., 1881); same (Toledo, 1891). Altgeld, John P. The Eight-Hour Movement. An address delivered before the Brotherhood of United Labor at the Armory in Chicago, February 22, 1890. "An Address" (Moberly, Mo., 1885, Leaflet). An Argument in favor of a Legislative Enactment to Abolish the Tenement House Cigar Factories in New York and Brooklyn (New York, 1882). " Appeal to Aid" (Philadelphia, 1886, Leaflet). Ashworth, J. H. "The Helper and American Trade Unions," Johns Hopkins University Studies (Baltimore, 1915), XXXIII. |