EVERETT MORSE, '85

The necessity for patriotic economy will be evident if we think of finance in terms of labor instead of in dollars. We have our natural resources and we have our capital invested in the tools of production, but even with these facilities our productive capacity is limited by the supply of labor. By labor we mean the personal service, whether of brain or of brawn, of the forty million of us who are engaged in gainful occupation.

To carry on the war we shall spend at least twelve billion dollars per year, or thirty-three million dollars per day. This is as much as Great Britain is spending and fifty per cent. more than Germany is spending, and the figures are so huge that few of us appreciate what they really mean.

Europe is already so deeply in debt that she may never be able to pay, and we are on the road to the same condition. Balance of trade statistics indicate that we have made an extra profit from foreign business since 1914 of five billion dollars, or about two billion dollars per year. The effect of this in enriching the country is suggestive of the result of three years of impoverishment at the rate of eight billion dollars.

Our normal annual savings are about four billion dollars, and not only will our war expenditure absorb all of these savings, but we must find eight billion dollars in addition. During the past three years our present allies have obtained much assistance from us, but as there is no country to whom we can turn we must carry our burden alone.

Our savings go into public and private improvements, including the extension of business enterprises. These savings will not be available for war until we stop federal, state, municipal and private improvements; until we forbid all issue of securities except under federal license, following the example whereby England reduced the issue of industrial securities from $468,000,000 in the first half of 1914 to $11,000,000 in the same period of 1917.

The danger of a food famine has been brought home to us and we are making a real effort to reduce consumption, though our efforts to increase production are being seriously handicapped by the high price of labor.

Immediately after war was declared the President warned the country that everyone should produce more and consume less. The idea that business was to be suddenly reduced by a wave of economy was a shock to business men and the cry "business as usual" was spread over the country and caused the President's appeal to be forgotten. Not only are people spending as usual, but many conscientiously believe it their duty so to do.

Every dollar spent means the consumption of labor. We shall not be far wrong if we say that every four dollars spent consumes a day's labor, and that every twelve hundred dollars spent consumes a year's labor. A war expenditure of twelve billion dollars will consume the labor of ten million people; twenty-five per cent. of our total labor supply. This added demand comes during the greatest labor famine in our history, which has increased commodity prices eighty-five per cent. since 1914.

We have reached a point where the increasing demand reduces the efficiency of

labor and thereby reduces the supply, and we are facing a further rise in commodity prices, perhaps to exceed present conditions in England, where prices are up one hundred and twenty per cent.

The most effective remedy is to decrease consumption, and it is imperative that every one should make a drastic reduction in personal expenditures. The example must be set by the rich, but every man, woman and child must be drawn into the movement until patriotic economy becomes the greatest fad the country has ever known.

Our young men who try to avoid military service are "slackers." Every one of us who will not economize to help the war is a "slacker." Who will fail to spend less when he realizes that every four dollars saved is a day's labor contributed to the war? It is not a question whether your income justifies an expenditure, but whether the country can afford to let you spend.

Even to prevent hardship we have no right to spend to keep people in their usual employment, for only by a process of readjustment can we obtain the labor necessary for the war. Already the Government is resorting to price fixing and other dangerous experiments, because we can no longer submit to the law of supply and demand. We cannot increase supply, but we can so reduce demand that the available supply shall meet our needs and so keep prices within bounds.

With two million men in cantonments or in tents there are houses enough for the rest of us. We can reduce the famine in wool and cotton by wearing our old clothes. We can stop the purchase of automobiles, so that the factories and their operatives may produce motor trucks, aircraft and munitions. We can use the automobiles we now have less freely and save gasoline. We can reduce the number of our servants and let our wives and daughters do more of the work. We can do away with the wastefulness of charity entertainments if we go less to the theater and give the money saved to charity.

The real horrors in Europe are not on the firing line, but amongst the civil population, who are pinched for the necessities of life and in many cases dying of starvation. If each one of us is not willing to make sacrifices for the war, Germany was right when she characterized us a "Nation of Slackers.”

PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE STAFF

C. A. ADAMS. (Chairman) Standards Committee of American Institute Electrical Engineers. Standardization Rules of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Pp. 115. October,

1916.

FRANK AYDELOTTE. English and Engineering. Pp. 400. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. January, 1917.

FRANK AYDELOTTE. Article on Elementary English Course at M. I. T. Engineering Record. February 24, 1917.

ROBERT PAYNE BIGELOW. Partheogenesis. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. Third Edition. Vol. 7. P. 61–64. Illustrated. 1917.

ROBERT PAYNE BIGELOW. Reproduction. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. Third Edition. Vol. 7. P. 524.

ROBERT PAYNE BIGELOW. Reversion. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. Third Edition. Vol. 7. Pp. 558-559. ROBERT PAYNE BIGELOW. Segmentation of the Body. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. Third Edition. Vol. 7. P. 704. 1917.

ROBERT PAYNE BIGELOW. Segmentation of the Ovum. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. Third Edition. Vol. 7. Pp. 704-707. 1917.

ROBERT PAYNE BIGELOW. Sex. Reference Handbook of the Medical Sciences. Third Edition. Vol. 7. Pp. 721-724. 1917. HARRY E. CLIFFORD. Inclosed Fuses. Pp. 2. Bureau of Standards. December 1, 1916.

HARRY E. CLIFFORD. Report of Committee on Relations with Educational Institutions. 40th Convention. National Electric Light Associaton. May, 1917.

HENRY FAY. Microscopic Examination of Steel. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York.

HENRY FAY.

Erosion of Guns. American Institute of Mining Engineers. February, 1917.

CARL R. HAYWARD. The Effect of Sulphur on Low-Carbon Steel. Bulletin American Institute of Mining Engineers. No. 118. P. 1841. Pp. 10. Illustrated. October, 1916.

CARL R. HAYWARD and S. S. RAYMOND. Effect of Time in

Reheating Hardened Steel Below the Critical Range. Bulletin American Institute of Mining Engineers. No. 122. Pp. 8. P. 277. February, 1917.

HEINRICH O. HOFMAN. Lead. In American Year Book for 1916. Appleton. New York. 1916.

HEINRICH O. HOFMAN. Metallurgy of Lead in 1916. Engineering and Mining Journal. Vol. 103. P. 49. 1917.

HEINRICH O. HOFMAN. Recent Improvements in Lead Smelting. Mineral Industry. Vol. 25. 1916.

WILLIAM HOVGAARD. Submarine Boats. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute. Pp. 20. P. 119. Illustrated. To

ronto.

WILLIAM HOVGAARD. Some Strategical

Sketches. United

States Naval Institute Proceedings. Vol. 43. No. 2. P. 233. Pp. 11. February, 1917.

WILLIAM HOVGAARD. Buoyancy and Stability of Submarines. Transactions. Institution of Naval Architects. Vol. 59. Pp. 16. Illustrated. London. 1917.

R. G. HUDSON. Assisted by J. Lipka, H. B. Luther and Dean Peabody, Jr. The Engineers' Manual. Pp. 310. John Wiley & Sons. New York. April, 1917.

R. G. HUDSON and J. LIPKA. A Manual of Mathematics. Pp. 130. John Wiley & Sons. New York. April, 1917.

R. G. HUDSON and J. LIPKA.

A Table of Integrals. Pp. 24. John Wiley & Sons. New York. April, 1917.

FREDERIC H. LAHEE. Appendix XI to "Field Geology." Pp. 20. Illustrated. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York. June, 1917.

ERNEST F. LANGLEY. Le Mariage de Figaro (Beaumarchais) edited with Introduction and Notes. Vol. 10. Pp. XLIX + 261. Illustrated. Size 5 x 7. New York, Oxford Press. Reviewed in the Nation, May 3, 1917, and in Modern Language Notes. Vol. 32, p. 383. June, 1917.

J. LIPKA. Engineer's Manual. John Wiley & Sons. March, 1917.

Mathematics. Pp. 1-67.

W. V. LYON. Determining Phase Rotation. Electrical World. Vol. 69. P. 968. Pp. 1. Illustrated by Diagram. May 19, 1917. F. J. MOORE and RUTH M. THOMAS. The Constitution of Xanthogallol. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 39. P. 974-1011. May, 1917.

LEONARD M. PASSANO. The Economic Efficiency of a Workman. Technology Monthly. Vol. 3, No. 8. March, 1917.

LEONARD M. PASSANO. False Premises in the Educational Argument. School and Society. Vol. 5, No. 118. March 31, 1917.

PERCY G. STILES. Recent Progress in Physiology. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. Vol. 176. P. 602. Pp. 5. April 26, 1917.

M. DEKAY THOMPSON. Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering. Vol. 15. P. 677. Pp. 2. December, 1916.

M. DEKAY THOMPSON and C. N. RICHARDSON. An Investigation of the Brittleness Produced in Steel Springs by Electroplating. Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering. Vol. 16. P. 83. January, 1917.

M. DEKAY THOMPSON and O. L. MAHLMAN. The Electrolytic Pickling of Steel. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. May, 1917.

M. DEKAY THOMPSON and T. C. ATCHISON. The Production and Properties of Magnetite Electrodes. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. May, 1917.

M. DEKAY THOMPSON and L. R. BYRNE. The Current Efficiency in charging the Edison Storage Battery. Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society. May, 1917.

C. E. TURNER. Maine's New Health Law. American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 7, No. 5. P. 502. Pp. 3.

ROBERT SPURR WESTON. Disposal of Wool Scouring Waste. Textile World Journal. Vol. 52. P. 201. Pp. 3. Illustrated. Size 10 x 14. January 13, 1917.

ROBERT SPURR WESTON and C. E. TURNER. Studies on the Digestion of a Sewage-Filter Effluent by a Small and Otherwise Unpolluted Stream. Vol. 10. Pp. 96. Illustrated. 9 Plates. Size 8 x 57. Sanitary Research Laboratory of M. I. T. Cambridge, Mass. April, 1917.

GEORGE C. WHIPPLE. State Sanitation; A Review of the Work of the Massachusetts State Board of Health. Pp. 14 + 377. IIlustrated. Size 9 x 6. Harvard University Press. 1917.

FREDERICK S. WOODS and FREDERICK H. BAILEY. Analytical Geometry and Calculus. Vol. 1. Pp. XI +516. Illustrated. Size 5 x 8. Ginn & Co., Boston, Mass. March, 1917.