Caesar cried, "Help me, Cassius, or I sink!" Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears. I fear thee, Ancient Mariner! J. C. 3, 2, 78. Be calm, thou wedding-guest.-Coleridge. These pleasures, Melancholy, give, And I with thee will choose to live.-Milton. Auspicious Hope, in thy sweet garden grow Wreaths for each toil, a charm for every woe.-Campbell. Rise, happy morn, rise, holy morn, Draw forth the cheerful day from night: O Father, touch the East, and light The light that shone when Hope was born.-Tennyson. 2. Interjections. These are either sounds expressing sudden feelings, as of joy, sorrow, approbation; as, Hah! Ah! Oh! Alas! Hurrah! or abbreviated sentences; as, Well done! Prithee (I pray thee). Some stand alone; others have Nouns or Prepositional Phrases attached to them: Fie, fie unknit that threatening unkind brow. Shrew, 5, 2, 136. Hurrah! for the great triumph, That stretches many a mile.-Macaulay. Why so pale and wan, fond lover, Ay me, how weak a thing The heart of woman is!-J. C. 2, 4, 39. Vain men! how little do we know what to wish or to On a day, alack the day! Love, whose month was ever May, Playing in the wanton air.-Pilg. 227. Out, and alas! that was my lady's voice. 3. The Absolute Case. This construction, in which a Noun and Adjective (or Participle) are combined, to express circumstances attending a state or action, is of frequent occurrence :— There was a time when Etna's silent fire Slept unperceived, the mountain yet entire.—Cowper. The phantom knight, his glory fled, Mourns o'er the field he heaped with dead.—Scott. And now, my stock of corn increasing, I wanted to build my barns bigger.-Defoe. In the greatness of his sentiments Milton triumphs over all the poets, both modern and ancient, Homer only excepted.-Addison. They stood aloof, the scars remaining, Like cliffs which had been rent asunder.-Coleridge. Six frozen winters spent, Return with welcome home from banishment. R. 2.; 2, 3, 211. Joy absent, grief is present for that time.—R. 2. ; 1, 3, 259. It being a very cold day when he made his will, he left for mourning to every man in the parish a great frieze coat.-Addison. This done, they went to their rest again.—Bunyan. NOTE 1.—The Participle being is sometimes omitted :— The poor wren, The most diminutive of birds, will fight, Her young ones in her nest, against the owl.-Macb. 4, 2, 9. NOTE 2. Such expressions as hand in hand (§ 191) are perhaps instances of abbreviation of this construction; thus, hand in hand hand placed in hand; face to face= face turned to face. = 4. The Prepositional Infinitive. This is common in such expressions as to tell you the truth, so to speak, to say the truth, to be brief, to wit. Here Sir Joshua lies, and, to tell you my mind, He has not left a wiser or better behind.-Goldsmith. We last night received a piece of ill news at our club, which very sensibly afflicted every one of us. I question not but my readers themselves will be troubled at the hearing of it. To keep them no longer in suspense, Sir Roger de Coverley is dead.-Addison. And, to add greater honours to his age Than man could give him, he died fearing God. He is my father, Sir; and, sooth to say, In countenance somewhat doth resemble you. Pray, do not mock me: I am a very foolish fond old man, Fourscore and upward, not an hour more nor less; I fear I am not in my perfect mind.—Lear, 4, 7, 59. 5. Many Prepositional Phrases, as in a word, in truth, in deed. This is, in truth, the sum of almost all the instructions that Hastings ever received from home.-Macaulay. Money, in a word, is the most universal incitement, iron the most powerful instrument, of human industry.—Gibbon. One thing, indeed, is to be said in excuse for him.Macaulay. THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH. 197. The mention of Interjections in the preceding section enables us to complete the list of the kinds of words, or, as they are usually called, the Parts of Speech, in English, of which there are eight:— Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. PART V. THE COMPLEX SENTENCE. 198. Complex Sentences are those in which subordinate sentences are joined to principal sentences ($76). The subordinate sentence is often so closely knit together with the principal sentence, that the two combined make a single sentence. To explain this more fully, let us take examples, in which the principal and subordinate sentences are connected by the word that. Ex. 1. You knew that I was coming. Here the subordinate sentence I was coming is connected with the principal sentence by the Conjunction that, and the words that I was coming are equivalent to a Noun, which is the Object of the Verb knew. Hence a subordinate sentence of this kind is called a Noun-Sentence. Ex. 2. This is the house that Jack built. Here the subordinate sentence is connected with the principal sentence by the Relative Pronoun that, which performs two functions: first, it connects the sentences, and secondly, it denotes the Object of the Verb built. Also, since the words that Jack built limit, like an |