An Introduction to the Methods of Economic Statistics, Halaman 2

Sampul Depan
A. W. Shaw Company, 1925 - 493 halaman
 

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23
Homogeneity
24
Kinds of NonHomogeneity
26
Units of Measurement 22 23 24 26
28
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY Data 15 Planning a Statistical Investigation
29
The Primary Survey and the Informants It Reaches
30
Methods of Conducting the Survey
32
The Blank Form
34
Editing the Returns
35
CONSTRUCTION OF GENERAL TABLES 20 The Classification Scheme in a General Table
39
The Determination of Groups
41
The Counting Process
44
Orders of Tabulation
45
Practical Details in Table Construction
49
PREPARATION OF SPECIAL TABLES 25 Working Tables and Publication Tables 355555
53
The Preparation of Working Tables
54
Preparation of Publication Tables
57
CATEGORICAL SERIES 28 Three Methods of Summarization of Data
69
The Limitations of Graphic Presentation
71
TIME SERIES 31 Use of Charts in Analysis and Exposition
82
The Location of Points with Arithmetic Scales
83
The Construction of a Grid
84
Actual and Percentage Variation
89
The Ratio Scale
92
Interpolation and Smoothing
97
Comparison of Time Graphs
102
FREQUENCY SERIES 38 The Frequency Polygon and Its Main Features
105
The Block Diagram
114
The Statistical Sample and Smoothing
118
Ogives
125
Discrete Frequency Series
127
GENERAL ANALYTICAL METHODS
133
SUMMARY NUMBERS 43 General Properties of Averages
135
Types of Averages
143
Rates and Ratios
152
AVERAGES FOR FREQUENCY SERIES 46 Averages of Discrete Frequency Series
155
The Mean of a Grouped Frequency Series
158
The Skeleton Method of Computation
163
Properties of the Mean
167
The Median of a Grouped Frequency Series
169
Properties of the Median
171
The Mode of a Grouped Frequency Series
173
Other Averages of Grouped Frequency Series
179
DISPERSION 54 Measures of Dispersion Derived Directly from the Array
182
The Average Deviation
184
The Standard Deviation
186
Coefficients of Dispersion
189
30 32
190
THE NORMAL LAW OF ERROR 58 The Equation and Properties of the Normal Curve
196
Fitting a Normal Curve to a Given Series
198
34
199
Standard Units
201
Measures of Dispersion and the Probable Error
204
The Distribution of Frequency within Each Array
227
THE COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION 71 The Correlation Coefficient as Based upon the ScatterDiagram
228
Calculation of r from the Categorical Table
231
Deviation of r from a Correlation Table
233
The Skeleton Method
236
The Diagonal Method for Finding r
238
The Lines of Regression
240
The Errors of Estimate
241
XVII
244
FURTHER CORRELATION METHODS 78 The Correlation Ratio and the Index of Correlation
247
Correlation for Data Which Are Not Fully Given in Numerical Form
250
Spurious Correlation
256
Partial Correlation
259
THE ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES
265
RELATIVES AND INDEXES 82 Commodity Prices
267
Price Relatives
268
Graphic Representation of Price Changes
271
Index Numbers as Averages of Price Relatives
274
Simple Means of Prices or Price Relatives
278
Other Simple Averages
281
FixedBase and Chain Indexes
284
WEIGHTED INDEX NUMBERS 89 The Necessity of Weighting
286
The Purpose of an Index as a Determinant of the Weighting System
287
Values in Exchange as Weights
289
The Calculation of Weighted Indexes
290
Type Bias
294
Weight Bias and the Joint Effect of This and Type Bias
295
Professor Fishers Ideal Index
296
Further Tests of Indexes
298
Constant Weights More Practical than Variable Weights
299
Class and Commodity Weights
300
SECULAR TREND 99 Four Components of Time Fluctuation
302
Graphic Examination of the Trend
308
IOI Determination of the Line of Trend by Computa tion
312
The Ordinates of Trend
320
The Elimination of Trend
323
Negative Broken and Curvilinear Trends
325
SEASONAL VARIATION 105 Graphic Evidence of Seasonal Tendency
332
The Distribution of Link Relatives
334
The MedianLinkRelatives
342
The Determination of Seasonal Indexes
344
The Elimination of Seasonal Variation
346
CYCLICAL FLUCTUATIONS 110 Cyclical Fluctuations in Different Series
350
XXIII
364
XXIV
372
APPENDIX
387
B LABORATORY PROCEDURE AND EXERCISES
403
THE NORMAL CURVE OF ERIOR AND OTHER FREQUEN
459
NOTES ON CORRELATION
469
E BIBLIOGRAPHY
477
G LIST OF SYMBOLS
485
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