thofe volumes we beftowed confiderable praise on the intentions of the author, and on his talents; while we freely cenfured what appeared to us to merit cenfure in his mode of conducting his plan. During the prefent year he has published two parts out of three of his grand work, under the title "De Economie politique et morale de PEspèce Humaine," or On the political and moral Eco nomy of Mankind," in 2 volumes. The first volume is employed in investigating the true nature of man, by proving, un ler a variety of propofitions, that animals are in variable. but men infinitely varias ble in the mode of their existence; that the neceflities of animals are provided for directly, but those of men only indirectly; that animals ufe things without, but men with the comprehenfion of their nature; that animals are imperfectible, but men perfectible without end; that animals being imperfect ly organized, were formed for their destination in a way the oppofite to that by which man was formed! for his deftiny; that animals were placed on the earth for others, Bút that man was placed here for him felf alone; that human focieties are fufceptible of different degrees of improvement; that, according to the natural order of the earth, the human fpecies is capable of developing its own poffible intelligence, in a very high degree; and that there is a political economy for a people of cultivators. On thefe topics the author is needlefsly dif. fufe, and tedious, and frequently las bours to prove what is incontroverǝ tible. In the fecond volume Mr. Herenchwand treats, of the nature of a political economy of a nation of cultivators; the active principle of political economy of a na

tion of cultivators; the precious metals confidered in their relation to the moral and physical order of the earth; the circulation of the precious metals, according to the political economy of a nation of cultivators; the application of the precious metals to develope the profperity of a nation of cultiva tors; external commerce; public banks of circulation; conquests; the application of public credit to: develope the profperity of a nation' of cultivators; public contribu tions of a nation of cultivators; government of a nation of culti vators; and colonies from a nation of cultivators. While we except? to many of our author's pofitions! and arguments, we recommend his work to the perufal of every well-t wider to the human-race; convinced that his difquifitione; although they may fometimes offers much old matter in no novel or very inviting drefs, and fometimess oppofe favourite opinions with a greater bare of declamation ands affumed importance than of caim reasoning and urbanity, and fome-t times contain what may appear frivolous or fanciful, abound, nevertheless, ir judicious reflections,' valuable remarks, and originality: of fentiment, which render them deferving of univerfal attention.

The Treatife on, the Police of the Metropolis, explaining the va rious Crimes and Mifdemeanors which at prefent are felt as a Preffure upon the Community, and fuggefting Remedies for their Prevention, by a Magiftrate," is a truly importantland valuable work, for which the public is greatly indebted to the intelligent author Of the depravity of manners in the metropolis, and of the exift-t ence of numerous fchemes in which art and ingenuity are exercifed in N4

pil

pilfering and plundering the pub lic, no perfon who has refided there for any time can be ignorant. But of the astonishing extent to which thefe evils are carried, and of the regular fyftematic form which they affume, it is not eafy for those to form any conception who are not in poffeffion of fuch information as is difplayed in the treatise before us. That information, methodically arranged and detailed with perfpicuity, is highly curious and interefting, and employs feven chapters of the work, in which the author treats of the causes of the increase of crimes; of fmall thefts; of receivers of ftolen goods; of pillage upon wharfs and quays, and from fhips and veffels in the river Thames; of frauds, plunder, and pillaging in the pub. fic arfenals, and in fhips of war and tranfports; of burglary and highway robbery; of the coinage and circulation of base money; and of forgeries, fwindling acts, and gaming. Thefe chapters are followed by five others, fetting forth defects in the laws intended to fupprefs or prevent these evils, efpecially thofe relative to the detection, trial, and conviction of offenders; the fanguinary nature of our prefent criminal code; the abufes in the execution of our laws; and fuggefting various plans of amendment, that merit general and ferious attention, as they appear to be the refult of found judgment, practical obfervation, and genuine patriotifm.

In our last volume we introduced to our readers the first number of an intended feries of publications in Political Econony, by Count Rumford. During the prefent year, that number has been followed by four additional Effays, which are replete with much valuable and in

terefting information, founded on extenfive experience, and adapted to increase the stock of human happinefs, particularly in the lower ranks of fociety. The fubjects on which they treat are, the fundamental principles, on which general establishments for the relief of the poor may be formed in all countries; various kinds of food, and the cheapest means of feeding the poor; chimney fire-places, with a view to the faving of fuel, and the prevention of smoke; and accounts of different inftitutions and projects of the author, for ex tending the benefits of a well regulated political economy at the capital of Bavaria.

The author of "A Differtation on the Poor Laws," under the fignature of "A Well-wisher to Man kind," in a spirit of laudable benevolence, and with great force of reafoning, expofes the evils which arife to the poor, as well as rich, from the continuance of that burthenfome and pernicious fyftem, and maintains the neceffity and propriety of its total abolition. In his judgment, compulsory provi. fion for the poor, tends rather to encourage them in habits of idlenefs, than to relieve the miferies. of poverty. And he contends, that thofe miferies would be most ef. fectually removed by the voluntary contributions of benevolent individuals, in aid to the benefits refulting from a compulfory eftablishment of friendly focieties throughout the kingdom. We fee no fubftantial objection that can be urged against the general principles of this differtation.

The treatife entitled "The Prevention of Poverty by beneficial Clubs, with preliminary Obfervations upon Houses of Industry, and the Poor Laws, by Edward Jones,

"Efq."

Efq." contains fome fenfible obfervations in fupport of the plan mentioned in the title-page; and fome important remarks on the ill effects produced by houfes of induftry, which deferve the ferious notice of the advocates for fuch eftablishments.

Sir William Young, likewife, in his "Confiderations on the Subject of Poor Houfes and Work Houses, &c." offers very powerful arguments against the fyftem condemned in the laft mentioned article, and many liberal propofitions for meliorating the condition of the poor, congenial to the fpirit of a free nation, and tending to improve the health, industry, and morals of the lower claffes.

Mr. Vancouver, alfo, in his fenfible and ingenious" Enquiry into the Caufes and Production of Poverty, and the State of the Poor, &c." produces ftrong reafons a gainst the inftitution of poor houses, even when conducted on the most humane and economical principles; and in favour of friendly focieties, at once the offspring of freedom, and the parents of independence." He, likewife, propofes a plan for the effectual relief of the aged poor, by a percentage on the earnings of the labourer depofited in a public fund; which, under proper regulations, and aided by the fupport of the wealthy, might be followed by the most be neficial effects.

The "Reflections on the Craelty of inclofing common Field Lands, particularly as it affects the Church, and the Poor," are founded in misapprehenfion and preju dices incompatible with a liberal enlightened policy, and a knowledge of the true interefts of the church or the poor.

The Three Letters on the

Subject of Tythes and Tythe-affo ciators, &c." are full of anger and invective against the advocates for the abolition, or commutation of: tythes, whether laymen or of the clerical order; but are greatly wanting in argument and candour.

The " Enquiry into the Corn Laws and Corn Trade of Great Britain, and their Influence on the Profperity of the Kingdom, with Suggestions for the Improvement of the Corn Laws, by the late Alexander Dirom, Efq." is a very ingenious and valuable publication, abounding in ftatements and reafonings of great national importance. His grand object is to prove," that abundance of grain at home, and at a moderate price, cannot be obtained by importation from abroad, and can only be fecured by giving fuch liberal encouragement to exportation, as may render agriculture, or the railing of corn, the favourite object of induftry in the kingdom." In eftablining this point, he justly confiders agriculture to be a manufac ture, which like every other fpecies of manufacture may be encouraged by wife laws, or depreffed by injudicious regulations. This doctrine he fupports by abie argu ments, and an appeal to facts taken from the hiftory of this country, which ftrike the mind with the force of mathematical demonstration. Thefe arguments and facts," together with a variety of ingenious calculations, and conclufions, connected with, or refulting from them, are digefted into five chapters, in which the author treats, of the general state of nations with refpect to the alimentary fupport of mankind, and particularly that

of

of Great Britain; the caufes and effects of the several corn laws of Great Britain, prior to the revolue tion in 1688, the effects of those laws fubfequent to the revolution; a recapitulation of the principal: heads of the corn laws of Great Britain, with tables and remarks elucidating the excellence of the old fyftem; and arrangements propofed for carrying into execution, and giving effect to the corn laws In a Supplement to this Enquiry, Mr. William Mackie, of Ormifton in East Lothian, confirms Mr. Dirom's doctrine, by bringing down the fubject from the year 1784, to the year 1793, and by applying to it the facts and circumftances which have taken place during that period. He has alio fuccefsfully combated the opinion of doctor Adam Smith, refpecting the corn laws.

The Hints for promoting a Bee Society, are publified with the laudable defign of exciting the: attention of the public towards am object in political economy, which, has been too much neglected in this country, and which is capable, of uniting together, in no incon Liderable degree, innocent amufe ment and profit. Thefe Hints are, accompanied with a plate of a hive, which appears well adapted to fup ply the proprietor with honey and wax, without destroying or injuring the induftrious little labourer to whom we are indebted for thofe ufeful articles.

The "Confiderations on the Attempt of the Faft India Company to become Manufacturers in Great Britain," have been publifhed in confequence of a meafure lately adopted by the company, to hire a number of mills, and (in technical language) throw into organ

zine, their own filk, in farge quanti-" tres, against the representations, and to the prejudice of the merchants and manufacturers in the filk trade.. They contain a variety of feriods and important reflections, of a political, and commercial nature,: which are highly deferving of pubs. lic attention. The political reflections. addrefs, themselves to the advocates for the purity and independence of the representative. body in the houfe of commons, which is liable to be effentially af fected by the influence which the company, alwaysiap the devotion: of the ministeriof the day, muft obtain in the different towns and boroughs where their manufactories are established.c. But the re flections of a commercial/nature come home to the feelings of every individual merchant and trader. Should the plan now. adopted be continued, and fucceed," fays the author, who can tell to what a mischievous extent the practice of the principle may be carried? When the company have once tried their strength, it will be at their choice and in their, mercy,: what branch of manufacture they will next invade-whether they will print their own callicoes; make their orgunpowder; wind, fpin, and weave, their own cottons; bake and refine their own fugars; or even manufacture thofe articles. fabricated from our staple domeftic produce, and which, by their char-. ter, they are obligated to export. A calamitous alternative would then be the lot of the perfons who are now engaged in fuch manu, factures: unable to trade to India, or to cope in this country with the gigantic rides of a manuface, turing Eaft-India company, they muft either abandon their purfuits

or be degraded into dependents on the all-fweeping monopolifts by whom they are injured. Thus, evils fimilar to thofe which the engroffing of fmall farms has inflected on the husbandman, would be feverely felt by the individual merchant and manufacturer; and thus, the advantages refulting from the various energies and competitions of private capital in our mapufactures, would be loft to the community."

Among the Law publications of the year 1796, we meet with" The Jurifdiction of the Lords' Houfe, or Parliament, confidered accord ing to ancient Records, by Lord chief Justice Hale, to which is prefixed, by the Editor, Francis Hargrave, Efq. an introductory Preface, including a Narrative of that Jurifdiction from the Acceflion of James I;" lord chief baron Gilbert's" Law of Tenures," a new edition, with a hiftorical introduction on the feudal fyftem, and copious notes and illuftrations, by Charles Watkins, efq. "Modern Reports, &c." a new, edition, by P. Leach. Efq. in 12 vols. Reports of Cafes argued, &c. in the Court of King's Bench, to Trinity Term, 36 Geo. III. inclufive, by Charles Durnford, and Edward Hyde Eaft, Efqrs." which complete the VIth volume of that, work; "Reports of Cafes argued and determined in the Court of Exchequer, from Eafter Term, 32 Geo. III. to Trinity Term, 33 Geo, III. both inclufive, by Alexander Anftruther, of Lincoln's Inn, Efq" in 2 vols; "Reports of Cafes argued and ruled at Nifi Prius, in the Courts of King's Bench, and Common Pleas," during the years 1795, and 1796, by Ifaac Efpinaffe, of Gray's Inn, efq;

"Reports of Cafes argued in the Courts of Common Pleas and Exchequer Chamber, to Hilary Term, 36 Geo. III. inclufive, by Henry Blackstone, Efq," which completes the fld volume of that work; "Rules and Orders on the Plea Side of the Court of King's Bench, beginning in Eafter Term 1731, and ending in Trinity Term, 1795," compiled by Mr. Abbot, Clerk of the Rules; " Jurifdiction and Practice of the Court of Great Seffions of Wales, on the Chefter Circuit," faid to be the produc tion of the fame author; " An-s hiftorical Treatife of a Suit in E, quity, &c. by Charles Barton, of the Inner Temple, Efq;"" ThePractice of the Court of Chancery, originally publifhed by Jofeph Harrifon, of Lincoln's Inn, Efq. and enlarged by John Griffith Williams, Efq. with confiderable Additions, &c. by Wilmot Parker, Solicitor," in 2 vols; "The Practice of the Courts of King's Bench," and Common Pleas, by Baker John Sellon, Efq;" completed in 2 vols; " A brief Expolition of the Law relative to Wills and Teftaments, &c. by S. W. Nicoll, Efq;" "A Digest of the Laws relative to Borough Elections, by S. Heywood, Efq. Serjeant at Law, Part I" "Cafes in Evidence before Committees of Election of the' Houfe of Commons, by T. E.' Tomlins, Efq" the 3d edition, revifed, and enlarged, of "A Syf tem of the Law of Marine Infurance, &c. by J. A. Park, Efq;” "A practical Arrangement of the Excife Laws, by A. Highmore,' Jun." in 2 vols; the 2d edition, confiderably enlarged of " A Col lection of Cafes on the Annuity Act, with an Epitome of the Prac tice relative to the Enrolment of Memorials, by W. Hunt, Efq. of