in them, all the best being removed to Lambeth. The houfe is moat.ed about.

18. Mr. Evelyn has a pleafant villa at Deptford, a fine garden for walks and hedges (efpecially his holly one, which he writes of in his Sylva), and a pretty little green houfe, with an indifferent ftock in it. In his garden he has four large round philareas, fmooth clipped, raifed on a fingle ftalk from the ground, a fafhion now much used. Part of his garden is very woody and flady for walking; but his garden, not being walled, has little of the best fruits.

19. Mr. Watts's house and garden made near Endfield are new; but the garden for the time is very fine, and large and regularly laid out, with a fair fifh-pond in the middle. He built a greenhouse this fummer with three rooms (fomewhat like the archbishop of Canterbury's) the middle with a ftove under it, and a fky-light above, and both of them of glafs on the forefide, with fhutters within, and the roof finely covered with Irish flate. But this fine houfe is under the fame great fault with three before (Numbers 8, 14, 15.); they built it in fummer, and thought not of winter; the dwelling houfe on the fouth fide interpofing betwixt the fun and it now when its beams fhould refresh plants.

20. Brompton park garden, belonging to Mr. London and Mr. Wife, has a large long greenhouse, the front all gafs and board, the north fide brick. Here the king's greens, which were in fummer at Kenfington, are placed, but they take but little room in comparifon of their own. Their garden is chiefly a nursery for all forts of plants, of which they are very full.

"21. Mr. Raynton's garden at

Endfield is obfervable for nothing but his greenhouse, which he has had for many years. His orange, lemon, and myrtle trees, are as full and furnished as any in cafes. He has a myrtle cut in fhape of a chaire, that is a leaft fix feet high from the cafe, but the lower part is thin of leaves. The rest of the garden is very ordinary, and on the outside of his garden he has a warren, which makes the ground about his feat lye rudely, and fometimes the coneys work under the wall into the garden.

"22. Mr. Richardfon at East Barnet has a pretty garden, with fine walks and good flowers; but the garden not being walled about they have lefs fummer fruit, yet are, therefore, the more industrious in managing the peach and apricot dwarf ftandards, which, they fay, fupply them plentifully with very good fruit. There is a good filpond in the middle of it, from which a broad gravel walk leads to the highway, where a fair pair of broad gates, with a narrower our either fide, open at the top to look through fmall bars, well wrought and well painted, are a great ornament to the garden. They have orange and lemon trees; but the wife and fon being the managers of the garden (the hufband being gouty and not minding it), they cannot prevail for a house for them other than a barn end.

"23. Captain Fofter's garden at Lambeth has many curiofities in it. His greenhoufe is full of fresh and flourishing plants, and before it is the fineft ftriped holly hedge that perhaps is in England. He has many myrtles, not the greatest, but of the moft fanciful fhapes that are any where elfe. He has a framed walk of timber covered with vines, which, with others, running on moft

of his walls without prejudice to his lower trees, yield him a deal of wine. Of flowers he has a good choice, and his Virginia and other birds in a great variety, with his glafs hive, add much to the pleasure of his garden.

24. Monfieur Anthony Vefprit has a little garden of very choice things. His greenhoufe has no very great number of plants, but what he has are of the best fort, and very well ordered. His oranges and lemons (fruit and tree) are extraordinary fair, and for lentifcus's and Roman bayes he has choice above

others.

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25. Ricketts, at Hoxton, has a large ground, and abundantly ftocked with all manner of flowers, fruit-trees, and other garden plants, with lime trees, which are now much planted; and, for a fale garden, he has a very good greenhoufe, and well filled with fresh greens, befides which he has another room very full of greens in pots. He has a greater stock of Affyrian thyme than any body elfe; for, befides many pots of it, he has beds abroad, with plenty of roots, which they cover with mats and ftraw in winter. He fells his things with the deareft, and, not taking due care to have his plants prove well, he is fuppofed to have loft much of his custom.

"26. Pearfon has not near fo large a ground as Rickets (on whom he almoft joins), and therefore he has not fo many trees, but of flowers he has great choice, and of anemonies he avers he has the best about London, and fells them only to gentlemen. He has no greenhouse, yet has abundance of myrtles and ftriped philareas, with o

ranges and other greens, which he keeps fafe enough under theds, funk a foot within ground, and covered with ftraw. He has abundance of cypreffes, which, at three feet high, he fells for four pence apiece to thofe that take any number. He is moderate in his prices, and accounted very honeft in his dealing, which gets him much chapmanry.

"27. Darby, at Hoxton, has but a little garden, but is master of several curious greens that other fale gardeners want, and which he faves from cold and winter weather in greenhouses of his own making. His fritalaria craffa (a green) had a flower on it of the breadth of a half crown, like an embroidered ftar, of several colours; I saw not the like any where, no, not at Dr. Uvedale's, though he has the fame plant. He raises many ftriped hollies by inoculation, though captain Fofter grafts them as we do apple trees. He is very curious in propagating greens, but is dear with them. He has a folio paper book in which he has pafted the leaves and flowers of almost all manner of plants, which make a pretty fhew, and are more inftructive than any cuts in herbals.

"28. Clements, at Mile-end, has no bigger a garden than Darby, but has more greens, yet not of fuch curious forts. He keeps them in a greenhouse made with a light charge. He has vines in many places about old trees, which they wind about. He made wine this year of his white mufcadine, and white frontinac, better I thought than any French white wine. He keeps a fhop of feeds in plants in pots next the street."

SKATCH

"Nearchus, his admiral, found the fugar cane in the Eaft Indies, as appears from his account of it, quoted by Strabo. It is not, however, clear, from what he fays, that any art was used in bringing the juice of the cane to the confiftence of fugar.

"Theophraftus, who lived not long after, feems to have had fome knowledge of fugar, at least of the cane from which it is prepared. In enumerating the different kinds of honey, he mentions one that is found in reeds, which must have been meant of some of those kinds which produce fugar.

"Eratofthenes, alfo, is quoted by Strabo, as fpeaking of the roots of large reeds found in India, which were fweet to the tafte both when raw and when boiled.

"The next author, in point of time, that makes mention of fugar, is Varro, who, in a fragment quoted by Ifidorus, evidently alludes to this fubftance. He defcribes it as a fluid, pressed out from reeds of a large fize, which was fweeter than honey.

"Diofcorides, fpeaking of the different kinds of honey, fays, that there is a kind of it, in a concrete ftate, called faccharon, which is ⚫ found in reeds in India and Arabia Felix. This, he adds, has the

and is also useful in diseases of the bladder and kidneys. Being fprinkled on the eye, it removes 'those substances that obfcure the fight.' The above is the first account I have seen of the medicinal virtues of fugar.

"Galen appears to have been well acquainted with fugar, which he defcribes, nearly as Diofcorides had done, as a kind of honey, called facchar, that came from India and Arabia Felix, and concreted in reeds. He describes it as less sweet than honey, but of fimilar qualities, as detergent, deficcative, and digerent. He remarks a difference, however, in that fugar is not, like honey, injurious to the ftomach, or productive of thirst.

"If the third book of Galen, Upon medicines that may be easily procured,' be genuine, we have reafon to think fugar could not be a fcarce article, as it is there repeatedly prefcribed.

"Lucan alludes to fugar, in his third book, where he speaks of the fweet juices expreffed from reeds, which were drank by the people of India.

"Seneca, the philofopher, likewife fpeaks of an oily fweet juice in reeds, which probably was fugar.

"Pliny was better acquainted with this fubftance, which he calls by the name of faccaron; and fays, that it was brought from Arabia and India, but the best from the

latter

latter country. He defcribes it as a kind of honey, obtained from reeds, of a white colour, refembling gum, and brittle when preffed by the teeth, and found in pieces of the fize of a hazel nút. It was ufed in medicine only.

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"Salmafius, in his Pliniana Exercitationes, fays, that Pliny relates, upon the authority of Juba the historian, that fome reeds grew in the fortunate iflands which in creafed to the fize of trees, and yielded a liquor that was fweet and agreeable to the palate. This plant he concludes to be the fugar cane; but I think the paffage in Pliny fcarcely implies fo much. Hitherto we have had no account of any artificial preparation of fugar, by boiling or otherwife; but there is a paffage in Statius, that feems, if the reading be genuine, to allude to the boiling of fugar, and is thought to refer immediately thereto by Stephens in his Thefaurus.

"Arrian, in his Periplus of the Red Sea, fpeaks of the honey from reeds, called facchar (Eanyag), as one of the articles of trade between Ariace and Barygaza, two places of the hither India, and fome of the ports on the red fea.

ἐσ Aelian, in his natural hiftory, fpeaks of a kind of honey, which was preffed from reeds, that grew among the Prafii, a people that lived near the Ganges.

Tertullian alfo (peaks of fugar, in his book Dejudicio Dei, as a kind of honey procured from canes.

"Alexander Aphrodifæus appears to have been acquainted with fugar, which was, in his time, regarded as an Indian production. He fays, that what the Indians called fugar, was a concretion of honey, in reeds, refembling grains of falt, of a white colour, and 1796.

"Paulus Ægineta fpeaks of fugar as growing, in his time, in Europe, and alfo as brought from Arabia Felix; the latter of which he feems to think lefs fweet than the fugar produced in Europe, and neither injurious to the ftomach nor caufing thirft, as the European fugar was apt to do.

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Achmet, a writer, who, according to fome, lived about the year 830, fpeaks familiarly of fugar as common in his time.

"Avicenna, the Arab phyfician, fpeaks of fugar as being a produce of reeds; but it appears he meant the fugar called tabaxir or tabarzet, as he calls it by that name.

"It does not appear, that any of the above mentioned writers knew of the method of preparing fugar, by boiling down the juice of the reeds to a confiftence. It is alfo thought, the fugar they had was not procured from the fugar cane in ufe at prefent, but from another of a larger fize, called tabarzet by Avicenna, which is the arundo arbor of Cafpar Bauhin, the faccar mambu of later writers, and the arundo bambos of Linnæus. This yields a fweet milky juice, and oftentimes a hard cryftallized matter, exactly refembling fugar, both in tafte and