testation of John Gauden, D. D." againft that proceed ing; and, after the king's death, he wrote a moft daring piece, which he called " A Juft Invective against those of the Army and their Abettors who murdered king Charles the Firft;" but to the credit of the doctor's prudence at least, this was not publifhed till after the restoration. During the king's imprisonment, however, he committed to the prefs the celebrated pamphlet entitled "Ema Barn, or The Portraiture of his Sacred Majefty in his Solitude and Sufferings;" which, however, did not appear till after the execution of the ill-fated Charles. The only argument that Mr. Hume has advanced for his favourite opinion that it was written by the king, is, that the style more refembles the known productions of that monarch, than the highly figurative and inflated ftyle of Gauden. Againft this prefumption we have the affertion of Dr. Gauden himself, and the claims to preferment which he founded on being the author of this piece. We have a certificate prefixed to the latter editions of Milton's Exovoxλασтns, under the hand of lord Anglesey, in which that noble lord pofitively afferts, that, upon fhewing to king Charles the Second and the duke of York a MS. of the work wherein were fome alterations in the late king's hand, they folemnly affured him that “it was none of the faid king's compiling, but made by Dr. Gauden, bishop of Exeter;" and this teftimony was afterwards confirmed to bishop Burnet by the duke of York himself. Added to thefe pofitive teftimonies, we have the negative proof that no evidence ever was found that could pofitively affert it to be the king's writing; and yet it is not eafy to imagine that he could have been fo employed without the privity of fome perfon or other. And the filence of lord Clarendon, who certainly would not have omitted to infift on a circumftance fo much to the credit of his mafter, is a strong prefumption in Dr. Gauden's favour. With refpect to the fuppofed analogy to the ftyle of the king, every man who is accustomed to compofition must know that it is not impoffible for a writer of a luxuriant fancy to chaften and curb his ima gination, gination, and occasionally to adopt a style less ornamented than ufual. Nothing indeed is more certain than that the most vigorous genius can feldom produce highly figurative compofition without a confiderable effort. Though Dr. Gauden lived quietly and enjoyed his preferments under the commonwealth and the ufurpation, yet he ftill occafionally employed his pen in favour of the rights of the church; and, in 1659, publifhed 'Ipa Daxpua, a work which bears no flight refemblance to the Ex Βασιλική. The reputation of the author of Ein Bariin is at least equalled by that of the author of the no lefs celebrated pamphlet entitled "Killing no Murder;" the defign of which was to prove, that to affaffinate a public offender, who by his fuccefsful crimes had fet himself above the reach of law and juftice, was not finful but meritorious; and the effect which it wrought upon the mind of Cromwell himself, was not lefs extraordinary than that which it had upon the public at large. Not only the ufurper's apprehenfions were excited, but even his remorfe, by the ftrong picture which it exhibited of his crimes; and from the time of its publication he fell into a state of defpondency, which ended only with his life. The public voice has long given the credit of this pamphlet to colonel Titus; but, according to lord Clarendon, colonel Sexby, one of the levelling party, who had formerly been an intimate of Cromwell, afferted that he was the author; and it is a remarkable fact, that Sexby foon after died in the Tower, as is fuppofed, by poifon. If, indeed, we confider the abject and flavifh principles which were held by most of the cavalier party at this period, we shall not eafily conceive how fuch fervid fentiments of liberty as the pamphlet contains, fhould proceed from any of the partizans of Charles. The picture which the author draws of the torpor and venality in which the people of England were funk at this period, is ftriking; and we believe it juft." Can any man," fays this fpirited writer, "with patience think upon what we have profeffed, when he he fees what we wildly do and tamely fuffer? What have we of nobility among us but the name, the luxury, and the vices of it? As for our ministers, what have they, or indeed defire they, of their calling but the tythes? How do thefe horrid prevaricators fearch for diftinctions to piece contrary oaths? How do they rake fcriptures for flatteries, and impudently apply them to his monftrous highnefs? What is the city but a great tame beaft, whe eats and carries, and cares not who rides it? What is the thing called a parliament but a mock, compofed of a people who are only fuffered to fit there because they are known to have no virtue, after the exclufion of all others who were fufpected to have any? What are they but pimps of tyranny, who are only employed to draw in the people to proftitute their liberty? What will not the army fight for?-what will they not fight againft? What are they but janiffaries, flaves themfelves, and making all others fo? What are the people in general but knaves, fools, and principled for eafe, vice, and flavery? This is our temper; this tyranny hath brought us to already, and if it continues, the little virtue which is yet left to stock the nation must extinguish, and then his highness has completed his work of reformation; and the truth is, till then his highnefs cannot be fecure. He must not endure virtue, for that will not endure him." We infert this extract, becaufe few of our readers, we believe, can have had an opportunity of perufing the pamphlet itself. The age of which we are treating afforded a noble fubject for hiftory; and there never was an age of which the political tranfactions are better known. The hiftory of lord Clarendon will be read by every person who wishes to acquire a profound knowledge of the character, politics, habits, and fentiments of thefe times; and, on the whole, it is not unfairly characterized by Mr. Hume." His ftyle," fays that author," is prolix and redundant, and fuffocates us by the length of its periods: but it difcovers imagination and fentiment, and pleases us üs at the fame time that we difapprove of it. He is more partial in appearance than in reality: for he feems perpetually anxious to apologise for the king; but his apologies are often well-grounded. He is lefs partial in his relation of facts, than in his account of characters: he was too honeft a man to falfify the former; his affections were easily capable, unknown to himself, of difguifing the latter. An air of probity and goodness runs through the whole work; as thefe qualities did in reality embellish the whole life of the author. He died in 1674, aged 66." The memoirs of that plain and unaffected patriot, Edmund Ludlow, are not lefs interesting and entertaining than lord Clarendon's Hiftory; and thefe, as well as Whitlocke's Memorials and Thurloe's State Papers, will enable the reader to correct thofe miftakes into which Clarendon may have fallen, either from the want of adequate information, or through partiality to his friends. The commonwealth of England was not deftitute of able lawyers; and to the names of thofe noticed in our preceding yolume, we may add thofe of ferjeant Maynard and fecretary Thurloe, whofe valuable collection of State Papers is mentioned in the preceding paragraph. The most famous mathematician of the age was Wallis, Savilian profeffor of aftronomy at Oxford. He had a long controverfy on mathematical fubjects with the celebrated Hobbes; but the genius of the latter was too much distracted with a variety of fciences to be able to maintain a conteft with a man, who, like Wallis, had devoted himselfalmost entirely to one. Dr. Seth Ward, who was flightly mentioned in our laft volume, flourished alfo at this period as a mathematical writer and teacher; and this and every other branch of philofophy was diligently cultivated by Wilkins, whom we had formerly occafion to introduce in his profeffional character as a divine. Bishop Wilkins may be confidered as the father and founder of the royal fociety; for at his houfe commenced thofe philofophical conferences which terminated in the incorporation of that 1796. learned learned body. But of this fubject it is our intention to treat more at large in our fucceeding volume. The fpirit and fanaticifm of the times was fo hoftile to the fine arts, that we have little to fay of the productions of the English nation at this period, either in painting, ftatuary, or architecture, The incomparable Inigo Jones died in 1657; and the merits of Wren were yet unknown in that line for which nature had deftined him, though he was chofen profeffor of aftronomy in Gresham college, in the fame year in which his great predeceffor Inigo Jones terminated his mortal career. It is fomewhat extraordinary, that an age fo unfavourable to the fine arts in general fhould have produced fome of the most eminent of our poets. To fpeak of Milton in terms adequate to his commendation, would require talents in fome meafure congenial to his own — "Ingenium cui fit, cui mens divinior, atque os Whatever is great in conception, fublime in fancy, or exquifite in expreffion, is to be found in Paradife Loft, Yet we muft reluctantly confefs with Dr. Johnson, that the perufal of this incomparable poem is " rather a duty than a pleasure." The fault is, however, more in the fubject than the writer. It is effentially deficient, as that great critic obferves, in "human intereft;" and the fenfible imagery under which the Supreme Being and the celeftial exiftences are delineated, feldom fails to difguft the ferious reader, while they afford a theme of ridicule to the fceptic or the libertine. It appears indeed a subject with which the human imagination ought not to have fported; and the confufion of fpirit and matter, which pervades the whole narration of the war of heaven, fills it with incongruity." It may be remarked, that the few texts of fcripture, on which that part of Milton's plot is founded, are evidently moft grofsly mistaken by him, and have been much more fatisfactorily explained by a learned author of the prefent age, in a moft ingenious "Dif fertation |