I regret to say that the money thus earned is frequently lost in gambling with low whites and Mexicans, and rarely reaches the needy families at home.

The title to the lands which these Indians occupy was secured to them through the efforts of the Indian Rights Association-especially through Herbert Welsh, its secretary. This reservation contains some very fertile lands along the creek, producing peaches, grapes, corn, beans, and alfalfa in abundance. The Indians make their own wine from the Mission grapes and drink to excess.

I was greatly interested in a beautiful and interesting paper which the Indian pupils publish, called the Saboba News. It is most tastefully gotten up, with penand-ink sketches of schoolhouse and children on the cover; and the daintiness is not all on the cover. Within are many little bits of art, advertisements of pottery and baskets, beautifully illustrated, with a neatness that would do honor to any school for white children.

Some trouble exists in regard to the election of a captain. Usually the captain holds his office for one year. Some time since the Indians in council deposed their captain and elected another, being dissatisfied with his enforcement of discipline. The agent refuses to give the newly-elected man his commission, rightly, I think; for if the authority of the captain can be superceded by a council under temporary dissatisfaction there will be an end of all discipline.

On Thursday afternoon I reached Coahuila Reservation, which is situated in an elevated valley nearly 4,000 feet above sea level, where frost occurs nearly every month in the year. Grazing is about the only industry that can be followed.

There is one little side valley that is quite fertile, where a few of the progressive Indians live and try to raise beans and other crops. In some instances the crops have been ruined by frost after four successive plantings. Is it to be wondered at that the Indians get discouraged?

The more industrious Indians do what is done at nearly all the reservations-go to the nearest white settlements and eke out their slender incomes by sheep-shearing, pruning vines, ditching, and other industries. Notwithstanding all the difficulties in the way of making a living these Indians are deeply attached to their homes and could not well be induced to leave them. Even the Indians who live in the forlorn Colorado desert could not be persuaded to remove to Banning, so attached are they to the homes and graves of their ancestors.

Among this tribe, numbering 250, there is only 1 half-breed; all are full-blood Indians, and they are proud of it. It is only within a few years that these people would be willing to take medicine from a white man. They have their own medicine men, and put great faith in them. One case has been told me of a young man 18 years of age, who was ill with pneumonia. The medicine man was called in and, before the teacher's eyes, he jumped up and down repeatedly upon the sick man's chest, making signs and barking like an animal, to frighten the evil spirit away. It is needless to say that the man was dead in half an hour. I am happy to say that such scenes as this are becoming rare.

The more progressive Indians are eager to have their lands allotted to them in severalty; but this can not be done at present, as the patent for the reservation has not been issued owing to some dispute about the correctness of the survey.

These Indians are quite temperate and industrious, probably owing to their distance from the whites.

I visited the school at Coahuila, which is the largest Government day school among the Mission Indians. The teacher, Mrs. Saulsbury, is an excellent woman, devoted to her calling-has developed true manliness and character in her pupils— but she lacks enthusiasm, so desirable in an Indian school.

Dr. Anna M. Johnson fills the position of field matron at this reservation. She is a woman of rare ability and energy, and gives her services unstintingly for the benefit of the Indians. She encourages the women to improve their homes, and has established a valuable industry-basket making. She has a large sewing class of forty women, who learn to make their own clothes. She is also a physician, and gives much gratuitous medical advice.

Her success has not been so complete as it deserves to be, partly owing to the natural antagonism of the Catholics to a Protestant matron, and partly to a fear on the part of the Indians that some land which Dr. Johnson endeavored to secure as agent for the Women's National Indian Association might work injury to them. The 5 acres of land which was promised to her by the Indians is located just below their Warm Springs, and includes a valuable spring of fresh water. Miss Johnson had no intention to deprive the Indians of the free use of this spring; but the Indians, who are suspicious of the whites, feared they might lose their valuable water right. A prejudice thus created tended to curtail Miss Johnson's valuable services. All attempts to procure the land have long since been abandoned.

On Friday afternoon I reached Agua Caliente (Warner's Ranch) at 2 o'clock, but was disappointed in finding the school dismissed early, owing to the indisposition of the teacher, Mrs. Babbitt. She gave me much valuable information in regard to the condition of affairs at the reservation.

It is well known that there are invaluable hot springs at this place, which are a source of much revenue to the Indians. Two of the more enterprising Indians have erected rude bath houses and charge 25 cents a bath. Large numbers of white people visit the springs in summer, some to be cured of rheumatism and other disorders by the hot sulphur baths, and some to lead a loose life in company with a low class of people who congregate here.

There are quite a number of comfortable adobe houses in close proximity to the springs which are rented in summer to whites at $2 a week for each occupant, whether one or twenty take lodgings in the one-roomed house. The Indians are very careful not to allow any white person to build a house near the springs and cut off their source of revenue. Nearly all the income from the rent of houses and bath houses goes into the pockets of two or three Indians. The others gain a scanty sustenance by cultivating small patches of land, and by working for white ranchmen at sheepshearing or general farming.

The lands which these Indians occupy are a part of an old Mexican grant. When the United States acquired California by conquest from Mexico it was stipulated in the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that the Indians should not lose the possessory title to their lands which they then occupied. The late ex-Governor Downey, who held a controlling interest in the ranch, began a suit to eject the Indians, claiming that they had not occupied these lands continuously since the United States acquired possession of the country. The suit is still pending, owing to the absence of Senator White, the attorney for the heirs of the late ex-Governor Downey. It is confidently believed that the Indians will win their suit.

Mrs. Babbitt, the teacher of the day school, has held her position for four years, and is greatly interested in her work. When the sheep-shearing band was about to start she called a council and induced the Indians to have a messenger sent to Riverside and bring the money earned in shearing to her, to be given to the families at home and not be lost in gambling, as is too often the case.

These Indians are much annoyed by a worthless Mexican, who, contrary to United States law, brings whisky to them in a wagon covered with shrubs to conceal it. After renting a house, which he secures by deception, he begins his demoralizing sale. The captain ordered him off, with no success. After consulting with Mrs. Babbitt, he sent one of his men to buy whisky to secure evidence against the Mexican.

After securing the evidence the Indians rushed into the house, seized the man and took him to Los Angeles to be tried. As usually happens, the jury (white) decided against the Indians, and these poor people returned home discouraged, having barely escaped being locked up for housebreaking. Race prejudice is too strong in southern California to secure a fair administration of justice.

The women seem to be very industrious. One house was visited where they were ironing great piles of bedding, white as snow, each sheet and pillowcase trimmed with most exquisite lace. `Ramona, at whose house I slept, spent the whole evening making new pillowcases. She wanted everything clean and new.

Besides the Government teacher, Mrs. Babbitt, there are two other ladies who are employed for the purpose of stimulating the Indians to lead a better life. One of them, Miss French, is in the service of the Government as field matron, and the other, Miss Hallowell, M. D., is in the employ of the Women's National Indian Association. These two excellent ladies live together and work in harmony, endeavoring to induce the Indian women especially to improve their mode of living and to practice various industries. They have only been partially successful, owing to the continual opposition of the Catholic element.

On Saturday I climbed the mountains of the finely situated and fertile lands of the Mesa Grande Reservation. Notwithstanding these Indians have some of the best lands in southern California, well adapted to fruits, grass, and grains, with plenty of water, they are the most degraded on account of intemperance and gambling. Mrs. Nickerson, the teacher of the Government school, says they have feasts (fiestas) every Saturday night, lasting till Monday morning, and the children are utterly demoralized. Monday there is almost no response to the teacher's efforts. The children fall asleep at their desks. These fiestas are held at nearly all the reservations and are especially demoralizing at San Jacinto. Severe measures should be taken to abolish them. They are a great hindrance to the moral and material progress of the Mission Indians. They tend to perpetuate the old degrading customs and beliefs of the Indians, pay a premium to pauperism, and are a veritable hotbed of disease, physical and moral.

A spelling match was arranged between the two schools at Mesa Grande and Agua Caliente, the latter going to Mesa Grande. The match was decidedly one way, Mrs. Babbitt's children standing alone at the end, and all the Mesa Grande children were seated, having missed. There was a most dissatisfied and sullen look upon the faces of the parents of the Mesa Grande children. Something must be done at once, and so the captain arose from his seat with a smile, and with an ingenuity equal to the

occasion, quietly remarked, "it would not do for us to beat the Agua Caliente children; they are our visitors."

During the afternoon I drove through the beautiful and well-cultivated Santa Isabel grant, and after descending the steep mountain came upon a pleasant valley upon which live by sufferance the owners, a band of Indians, who are not allowed to cultivate any land, and who derive their principal support by working for the whites at a distance. A short distance from the present Indian village is a very fertile, well-watered tract of land which the Indians occupied and cultivated only a few years ago.

The Indians had an undoubted possessory title to these lands, having occupied them from time immemorial. Some few years since the owners of the Santa Isabel ranch forcibly ejected the Indians from their ancestral home and placed them upon their present site, from which they are liable to be driven at any time. These Indians seem to be particularly simple-hearted, inoffensive, and religious, and the present insecure tenure of their homes is much to be deplored.

I shall never forget the sight which greeted me as I approached the Indian village and came suddenly upon the graveyard, where men, women, and children were assembled. They were having a religious service of some kind; about forty Indians were slowly walking in and out among the graves, chanting their dirges as they moved, the old men supported by the younger ones, women and children all acting with so much quiet dignity. In the center of the plot was a large wooden cross, possibly 8 or 10 feet high, and before this they would kneel and go through a responsive service, led by an old, blind man. Every few minutes the old Mexican bells, near the rude brush church were tolled, adding still more to the solemnity of the occasion.

There is no school for the children to attend, although there are enough to form a good school. They begged me to intercede on their behalf, and get the Government to establish a school on Government land near their village. Their request is a most reasonable one, and I earnestly hope they will be provided for.

On Sunday morning I passed through the village, talked with many of the Indians, and visited the church, if church it could be called. It was a rude brush house; in many places the branches had fallen out, leaving just the bare framework. An armless doll, dressed in white, with a painted face and Normandy cap, having a string of beads around its neck, stood upon a wooden box. On either side were tin cans filled with flowers; and, just as I was leaving, a child came and brought two brass candlesticks, to be placed on either side of the flowers. Here the people

worship Sunday after Sunday, kneeling on the ground in front of the image, which represents the Virgin Mary. It was hard to believe that this scene was within 5 miles of a comfortable hotel and not very far from a populous city.

On Monday I reached La Jolla, a fertile and beautifully situated reservation, lying high up on the side of Smith's Mountain. The lands have recently been allotted in severalty by Mr. Carrere, to the almost universal satisfaction of the Indians. The Government school is under the charge of Miss Golsh, who has held her position for many years. She is a faithful and enthusiastic teacher; has the entire confidence of her pupils, and holds the discipline with a firm hand.

A spirit of progress seems to prevail here, many new houses having been built and much new land fenced and cultivated since I visited this place three years ago.

On Monday afternoon I went to Rincon Reservation, the lands of which have been recently allotted in severalty by Miss Kate Foote. All the Indians seem pleased with their allotments, and are taking hold with increased vigor. The success attending the dividing up of the Indian lands at La Jolla, Rincon, Pachanga, and Pala, should be a stimulus to continue the good work at other Mission reservations; so that the Indians shall have a permanency of possession of the improvements which they individually make.

The Government school at Rincon is under the charge of Miss Ora Salmon, who has had a long and successful experience among Mission Indians and is doing fine work. Miss Salmon has purchased a piece of land a short distance from the reservation, and has built a neat and comfortable adobe house, with verandas covered with choice roses, and has a fine orange grove adjacent. It is an ideal home, and furnishes the Indians a splendid object lesson.

Since my last visit a neat schoolhouse has been erected on high ground, overlooking the beautiful valley where are the cultivated lands of the Indians. I visited the school and was much interested in a variety of exercises well performed, and the pupils all joined in repeating the twenty-third Psalm.

On Tuesday I passed by the Indian village on the Pauma grant. The lands connected with this village were secured to the Indians three years ago by the persistent efforts of the Mission Indian commission.

Still further on I visited the Pala Reservation, containing a very small body of land which has recently been patented in severalty. The Indians of this reservation were offered lands at other places by the Indian commission, but declined to remove from their old homes containing the graves of their ancesters.

On Wednesday, the 12th, I visited the Pachanga school, not far from the village of Temecula. The schoolroom was perfectly laden with a variety of beautiful wild flowers which the little Indian children had brought to the teacher. At nearly every one of the eight day schools that I visited the teacher's table was heaped up with wild flowers.

It is such a pity that so many schoolhouses are wrongly located, where no water for irrigation can be had. All the teachers would be glad to have a little spot of land adjoining the schoolhouse inclosed, upon which they could cultivate flowers and fruits for their own pleasure and for an object lesson to the Indians.

The pupils at this school, as well as at all the other day schools, are mostly young, in consequence of the removal of many older pupils to the Government boarding school at Perris, and to the contract schools at Banning and San Diego. Since my last visit a new schoolhouse of inferior character has been erected in the place of the one burned during the agency of Mr. Rust.

There is great need of piping water for domestic purposes to the schoolhouse and to neighboring dwellings. The drinking water has to be brought 2 miles by the women, which is exceedingly discouraging.

Mrs. Platt, the teacher, is a woman of strong character, who not only performs her regular duties of instructress, but exerts a strong influence in keeping away low whites who live in neighboring villages. She gives freely of her salary for the benefit of the Indians, and has had great success in temperance work.

The last school visited on this trip was the large Government boarding school recently erected at Perris. The 80 acres of land upon which the buildings are situated has only a limited supply of water, and does not seem a suitable place to raise fruit and vegetables. The selection of this site must have been made by some one with other motives than the welfare of the Indians and best interest of the Government. I learn that the land company who sold the 80 acres to the Government gave 10 acres, valued at $1,000, to the official who selected this spot. It is a shame that this school was not located near Whittier, Redlands, or Riverside, where a fertile, well-watered, sheltered spot could have been chosen, and where the whites are more sympathetic with the Indians.

There are 117 pupils in the school, drawn from all the reservations except those near the Catholic contract school near San Diego. Several important industries have been established, including dressmaking, shoemaking, carpentry, and farming, as much as the wind-swept land will allow.

The general work of the house is performed by the pupils. They make delicious bread, do all the cooking, laundry work, and house-sweeping and cleaning.

There are many excellent points in the management of the school, but I do not think the discipline is well administered. Such a school as this is a great boon to the Mission Indians.

On Monday morning, the 23d of April, 1894, I went from Redlands to San Diego to visit the Catholic Indian school, receiving scholars under contract with the Government. On arrival at San Diego, I drove 6 miles up the valley of the San Diego River to the old Mission station, established by the Franciscan Fathers in 1769. When I visited the place three years since, the roof of the picturesque old church was partly fallen in, and everything looked desolate. Now the roof is entirely gone, and the walls are crumbling.

I find that two buildings of plain architecture, one for boys and one for girls, have recently been erected, one on each side of the old Mission church. The furniture of the buildings is of the simplest kind; but perhaps it is elaborate enough for Indian children taken from the very humblest homes. It is not well to make the style of living in an Indian school so fine that the pupils in after life can not hope to imitate it.

I reached the place about 2 o'clock and found the school dismissed for the afternoon on account of its being wash day. The girls, with the help of some boys, had done all the washing and ironing, and were busy mending the clothes.

At my request both boys and girls were called together in their separate schoolrooms for inspection. The pupils went through a variety of exercises, showing careful training and good discipline. Nearly all the work of the schools is done by the children, under the direction of the five Sisters. The services of the Sisters are rendered gratuitously, and the Indian children do nearly all the work, thus making a very economical arrangement for the institution.

On the 20th day of April, 1894, I visited the St. Boniface industrial school at Banning, under the charge of the Catholics. This school was built by Miss Drexel, of Philadelphia, and receives about 100 pupils under contract with the Government. The location of the school is very fine, being at the foot of Grayback Mountain, 2 miles high, and facing the magnificent San Jacinto Mountain, with a beautiful valley between.

There is a good farm under high cultivation, and the whole establishment seems in a thriving condition. Miss Drexel is putting up a large building, the upper story of which is for boys' dormitories and the first story for industrial work. This school,

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as well as that at San Diego, is under the charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph, whose headquarters are at St. Louis.

The children went through a variety of exercises, such as singing, exercises in spelling, reading, and exercising with dumb-bells. The industrial work is on a limited scale at present. I inspected the small shoe shop and harness shop, where a few pupils receive instruction. I was much impressed with the kind, motherly demeanor of the Sisters, and I doubt not they exert a very healthful influence over their charge. They are very careful to instil order and neatness. Much time is given to religious instruction. The catechism is carefully taught and devotional exercises are regularly held. These remarks apply to all the Catholic schools which I have visitedSanta Fe, Yuma, San Diego, and others.

I think, however, that the mental discipline and industrial work is not to be compared to many of the Government schools, such as Carlisle, Haskell, and Genoa. It is quite time for the Government to assume control of all the Indian education. Nearly all the religious denominations have withdrawn from the Government support of their Indian work. This rule should be universal. Religious and moral instruction should, of course, find a leading place in all schools, but sectarian training should cease.

The educational interests of the Mission Indians seems to be well provided for. The day schools receive all the younger pupils, and when more advanced, they are removed to the Government boarding school at Perris and to the contract schools at Banning and San Diego. Some friction occurs in gathering in pupils to the three schools, as there seems to be no systematic way of assigning pupils; but each school collects pupils by a law of its own.

The schoolhouses for the day schools I found to be generally in good repair, and suitable for their purpose. In three instances I found an opening in the ceiling for ventilating the schoolroom; but the attic of the room was entirely closed, and the air of the room was foul. I suggested making an opening at each end of the attic, thus creating a current. Except at Rincon, one end of the schoolhouse is fitted up for a home for the lady teacher, and contains a small kitchen and lodging room. At La Jolla the teachers' quarters are entirely too small.

I think it is about time for the Government to discontinue issuing wire for fencing, wagons, plows, harness, and tools of various kinds. Articles given to the Indians are not valued properly, and consequently not cared for. There is great opportunity for favoritism in the distribution of goods, and the whole tendency is to pauperize the Indians.

The Mission Indians are very skillful in making pottery. They make many ollas (water jars), some of which are most artistically covered with figures. The children make clay animals-horses with bridles and saddles, roosters-each well proportioned. They have a natural eye for form and color. They make beautiful baskets, which have recently had a wide sale.

The Indians should be encouraged in such industries, as work for the older people and education for the younger ones form a leading part in solving the Indian problem.

REDLANDS, CAL., May 5, 1894.

ALBERT K. SMILEY.

REPORT OF DARWIN R. JAMES.

I have the honor of presenting the following report of my recent trip among the Indians as a member of the board:

ZUNI PUEBLO, NEW MEXICO.

This is the largest of the Pueblo tribes, all of which, some eighteen in number, are under the supervision of Capt. John L. Bullis, U. S. A., agent, whose headquarters are at Santa Fe.

Population, 1,600, and increasing, according to census returns. Up to the present time the Government has had no school here, although Captain Bullis has had instruction concerning the establishing of two day schools. The sum of money mentioned as available for the erection of the buildings has proven inadequate, hence nothing has been done. The Presbyterian Church has a prosperous school, numbering 45 children between the ages of 6 and 12. It was for the purpose of studying the question in all its bearings and to decide what to recommend that we visited the reservation. The school work of this church is under the care of the woman's executive committee of their Board of Home Missions. The Zuni school has been carried on entirely as benevolent work, without any aid from the Government.