CORN MEASURES OF EUROPEAN AND OTHER PORTS.

For the following table, reducing the corn measures of the different countries of Europe, &c., we are indebted to our cotemporary of the Belfast (Ireland) Mercantile Journal and Statistical Register :—

CORN MEASURES OF THE DIFFERENT PORTS OF EUROPE, ETC., WITH THEIR EQUIVALENT IN ENGLISH QUARTERS.

AUSTRIA. Trieste, 3 stajas, 1 quarter.

BELGIUM. Antwerp, (grain sold by weight,) 1,015 kilos. 2,240 lbs.

DENMARK. 8 Scheffels, 1 toende or ton; 21 tons 10 quarters. Some calculate 208 tons, 100 qrs., for wheat, and 210 tons, 100 qrs., for oats.

EGYPT. Alexandria, 100 ardebs of wheat, &c., 624 qrs.; 100 ardebs of beans, 65 qrs.

FRANCE. 112 lbs, (cwt..) 50 8-10ths kilogrammes; 100 litres, 1 hectolitre; 2 hectolitres 88 litres, 1 qr.; 36 litres, 1 bushel; 1 English ton, 1,015 kilogrammes.

GERMANY. Bremen, Hanover, 10 scheffels, 1 wisp; 2 wisps, 1 last; 1 last, 11 qrs. wheat, 11 qrs. barley. Hamburg, the last of wheat, peas, beans, is 11 qrs.; barley, 107 qrs.; oats, 104 qrs. Rostock, 1 last, 13 qrs.

HOLLAND. Rotterdam, 1 last, 10 qrs. wheat and rye; 10 qrs. barley, and 101 qrs. oats. Groningen, 1 last, 10 grs. oats.

ITALY. Ancona, 104 rubbeu, 100 qrs. Genoa, 24 mini, 1 qr. Some calculate 245 minas, and some 248 minas, 100 qrs. Milan, Venice, 3 staja, 1 qr. Naples, 5 2-5ths tomoli, 1 qr. Leghoru, 4 sacchi, I qr.

MALTA. 101 salma, 100 qrs. Some take 102 salma, 100 qrs.

MOLDAVIA. Galatz, 100 kilos, 145 qrs.

PORTUGAL. Vienna, 17 alquieres, 1 qr.; 1 moio, 3 qrs.

PRUSSIA. Dantzic, Memel, Konigsberg, Pillau, 564 scheffels, 1 last; 1 last, 104 qrs. Anclam, Barath, Woolgast, Stralsund, 1 last, 14 qrs. Berlin and Stettin, 1 last, 13 1-12th qrs. Wismar, 1 last, 13 or sometimes 13 qrs.

RUSSIA. Petersburg, Odessa, Riga, 2 osmin, 1 chetwert; 100 chetwerts, 72 qrs. SICILY. Palermo, 4 salma of 20 tumoli, or 5 salma of 16 tumoli, 5 qrs., old meas

ure.

SMYRNA. (Asia Minor,) 1 kilo. 1 imperial bushel.

SWEDEN. 2 spann, 1 ton or barrel; 18 tons, 10 qrs. Some take 176 barrels, 100 qrs.

SPAIN. 5 fanegas, 1 qr.

TURKEY. Constantinople, 816 kilos. 100 qrs.

WALLACHIA. Ibrail, 100 kilos, 225 qrs. Some take 2224 only.

PUBLIC LANDS FOR ACTUAL SETTLERS AND CULTIVATORS.

The following is a correct copy of an act passed at the last session of Congress, and approved August 4th, 1854:

AN ACT TO GRADUATE AND REDUCE THE PRICE OF THE PUBLIC LANDS TO ACTUAL SETTLERS AND CULTIVATORS.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all the public lands in the United States which shall have been in market ten years or upwards, prior to the time of application to enter the same under the provisions of this act, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at the price of one dollar per acre; and all of the lands of the United States that shall have been in market for fifteen years or upwards, as aforesaid, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at seventy-five cents per acre; and all of the lands of the United States that have been in the market for twenty years or upwards, as aforesaid, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at fifty cents per acre; and of all the lands of the United States that shall have been in the market for twenty-five years and upwards, as aforesaid, and still remaining unsold, shall be subject to sale at twenty five cents per acre; and all lands of the United States that shall have been in market for thirty years or more, shall be subject to sale at twelve-and-a-half cents per acre: Provided, This section shall not be so constructed as to extend to lands reserved to the United States, in acts grauting land to States for

railroad or other internal improvements, or to mineral lands held at over one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre.

SEO. 2. And be it further enacted, That upon every reduction of price under the provisions of this act, the occupant and settler upon the lands shall have the right of pre emption at such graduated price, upon the same terms, conditions, restrictions, and limitations, upon which the public lands of the United States are now subject to the right of pre-emption, until within thirty days preceding the next graduation or reduction that shall take place; and if not so purchased, shall again be subject to the right of pre-emption for eleven months as before, and so on from time to time as reductions take place: Provided, That nothing in this act shall be so constructed as to interfere with any right which has or may secure by virtue of an act granting pre-emption to actual settlers upon public lands.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That any person applying to enter any of the aforesaid lands shall be required to make affidavit before the register or receiver of the proper land office, that he or she enters the same for his or her own use, and for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, or for the use of an adjoining farm or plantation, owned or occupied by him or herself, and together with said entry, he or she has not acquired from the United States, under the provisions of this act, more than three hundred and twenty acres, according to the estab ished surveys; and if any person or persons taking such oath or affidavit shall swear falsely in the premises he or she shall be subject to all the pains and penalties of perjury.

PRODUCTS OF THE FRENCH COLONIES IN ALGIERS.

The European population of these colonies is 130,000, of whom 80,000 live in towns, and 50,000 are devoted to agriculture; but they are unskilled in the art, and are not provided with the best implements. Among the products exhibited at Paris from these colonies, are the following:

COTTON. The culture of which is encouraged by the French government. The first experiments were made in 1846. In 1852, 1,500 acres were planted for this crop, but it was much injured by the rains, and nearly destroyed. Georgia Sea-Island appears best suited to the soil and climate. The culture of this staple can only be maintained by the help of the government.

WOOL. The samples were from the native African sheep, and the quality is good. TOBACCO. These samples were numerous and well grown, but of inferior flavor. There are now about 600 planters of tobacco, the cultivation having been commenced in 1844. 500 hectares, equivalent to about 1,166 acres, are now grown, which produce some 500,000 lbs. of tobacco.

CEREALS. Grains are produced to some extent. Rye is but little used, but produces well. The wheat is good. Barley is the most important of these crops. The Arab and his horse live upon it. Mohammed said-"Every kernel of barley given to a horse is worth an indulgence in the other world." Barley is also used extensively in brewing.

MINERALS. In this department, iron, copper, lead, antimony, carbonate of zinc, manganese, and mercury, were exhibited. Copper mines are numerous, and many of them are worked by English companies. Fuel is too scarce to work them, and the ores are sent to England. No coal has been discovered; but plaster of Paris, alabasFine varieties of marble occur. Some ter, porcelain clay, and soapstone are found. of these are equaled only in whiteness by the marble of Carrara. The coral fisheries are extensive and profitable. About 1,500,000 francs' worth are annually taken from the sea.

FARMS AND FARMERS IN ENGLAND.

According to the Census Report, farms occupy two-thirds of the land of England The number of the farms is 225,318, the average size is 111 acres. Two-thirds of the farms are under that size, but there are 771 above 1,000 acres. The large holdings abound in the south eastern and eastern counties, the small farms in the north. There are 2,000 English farmers holding nearly 2,000,000 acres; and there are 97,000 English farmers not holding more. There are 40,650 farmers who employ five laborers each; 16,501 have ten or more, and employ together 311,707 laborers; 170 farmers have above sixty laborers each, and together employ 17,000.

WOOL-GROWING IN SOUTH CAROLINA.

The Charleston Mercury says that the experiment of rearing fine breeds of sheep for wool in the upper part of South Carolina, promises to be completely successful. Mr. J. D. Wagener, the Hon. R. F. Simpson, and other gentlemen in Pickens have engaged in it, and they seem to have established the facts that sheep flourish in that region remarkably well; that they can be raised at trifling cost compared with that of the wool-growing regions of the North, and that the quality of the wool of the choice European breeds does not degenerate. Mr. Wagener has taken an active part in this enterprise, and has imported a stock of the famous Saxon sheep, which is found to thrive well in Pickens. Specimens of wool of his raising were transmitted to one of the largest manufacturers in New England, who pronounced a most favorable judgment on them, and rated them at the top of the market. The Mercury attaches Do slight importance to the introduction of wool-growing in the upper districts, which, properly followed up, will prove a source of wealth to that part of the State.

NAUTICAL INTELLIGENCE.

FALKLAND ISLANDS-PORT WILLIAM.

The captain of the English steamship Great Britain, has made a very favorable report of Stanley Harbor, as a place of call for steamers. He says:—

"The government charts are exceedingly correct; the land, as you approach it, is made out without any difficulty, and we saw Pembroke Point and its beacon (now to be superseded by a light house) at the distance of about seven miles. The harbor itself is like a large dock, secure from all winds, and with an entrance sufficiently wide for a good smart sailing vessel to beat through with ease. All the dangerous points are distinctly marked by the seaweed. The anchorage is excellent, varying from four to five fathoms at low water. The facility for watering ships is good; a reservoir, holding about 200 tons of water, communicates by means of pipes with the end of a jetty, where, even when the tide is out, there is always about three feet depth of water, which is sufficient for a flat-bottomed boat to float off ten tons at a time. The Governor promises that, should Stanley become a port of call for steamers, a floating tank should be built, so that water could be alongside the ship immediately on her arrival, and pumped into the tanks or casks as the case may be There are considerable herds of cattle on the islands, and when put up to feed, their beef is very good; vegetables of the more ordinary kind, such as potatoes, cabbages, and turnips, can be had when in season; ship chandlery and grocery stores can also be purchased to a limited extent. Labor is scarce, as the population of Stanley (the only settlement) is only about 400; but every year, as these islands become better known, this want will, no doubt, be less felt."

SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR ENTERING PORT WILLIAM; THE STANLEY SETTLEMENT BEING NOW THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.-BY MR. PHILLIPS, PILOT AT STANLEY.

Ships from the southward should sight Cape Pembroke, which is the easternmost point of the Falkland Islands, and on which there is a wooden beacon, 36 feet high, with a base nine feet square, tapering to five feet, and surmounted by a mast 30 feet. It is distinctly visible at the distance of ten miles; with a commanding breeze anything south of west, keep to seaward of Wolfe Rock, and pass between the Seal Rocks and Cape Pembroke, and then between the Billy Rocks and Seal Rocks, where there is plenty of water, and no danger that may not be seen. Having passed the Billy Rocks, haul up, and if in doubt, or if the pilot has not come off, anchor abreast of the William Islets; but in daylight there is no danger in standing into the entrance of Stanley Harbor. The above directions are for westerly winds, which generally prevail; but when the wind is easterly, outside of the Seal Rocks.

Coming from the northward with westerly winds, make Cape Carysfort, or with easterly winds, Volunteer Point; when they are passed steer for Cape Pembroke, on which the beacon will be seen, until Port William opens to starboard, when run in and anchor, or wait for a pilot, according to the above directions.

In case of darkness or fog, ships may anchor in the mouth of Berkeley Sound, or of Port William, or stand off and on, as may be expedient; there being no danger that is not buoyed by the kelp.

The Wolf Rock bears from Cape Pembroke S. W. by compass; distant nearly three miles. It is of a triangular shape, each side being about three cables' length.

The Seal Rocks lie about three-quarters of a mile from Cape Pembroke, and are clean on all sides. The tide runs north and south about three knots between Cape Pembroke and the Seal Rocks; the flood setting to the northward, and the ebb to the southward.

NEW BEACON TO INDICATE JEDDEREN REEF.

OFFICE OF COMMITTEE OF PRIVY COUNCIL FOR TRADE, "}

Marine Department, Sept. 6, 1854.

I am directed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade to transmit to you, for the information of the Committee for managing the affairs of Lloyd'ɛ the annexed copy (translation) of a Notice to Mariners, issued by the Royal Norwegian Marine Board, reporting the erection of a beacon to indicate the position of Jædderen Reef.

Capt. G. A. HALSTED, R. N., Secretary Lloyd's.

JAMES BOOTH.

Hereby is made known, that on a small hill called "Blomhong," just inside the reef of Jædderen, on the southwest coast of Norway, a Beacon has been erected, consisting of four wooden spars, which unite together on the top; on this is placed a triangular of wood, visible from the sea. It is dark-colored.

Longitude E. from Greenwich 5° 35', N. latitude 58° 45'. Visible from 4 to 6 miles
The Royal Norwegian Marine Department,
O. W. ERICKSEN.

Christiania, August 24, 1854.

JOURNAL OF MINING AND MANUFACTURES.

THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES.

From a recently published work of Professor Emmons, on American Geology, we derive the following facts, figures, and statements, in illustration of the importance to be attached to the mineral resources of this country:

NORTHERN NEW YORK. The net proceeds per annum, which may be realized from the ores of iron in northern New York, will pay the interest, at seven per cent, on $3,000,000.

The mines of Adirondack have just been sold for $500,000, a sum much below their real value. The Sandford ore bed in Essex County cannot be estimated at much less than $500,000. At this mine, from two pits alone, 21,000 and 23,000 tons of ore per day have been raised at a cost not exceeding fifty cents per ton; and which, when crushed and separated, yields from five to fifteen tons of phosphate of lime per one hundred tons of ore, which is worth on the ground twenty dollars per ton, and twentyfive to thirty dollars in New York.

There remain the Clintonville and the Saranac Iron Districts, together with inexhaustible quantities of the specular ore in Jefferson and St. Lawrence Counties, and the magnetic ores of the Highlands.

Pennsylvania furnishes an amount of iron which may be estimated at $5,000,000 annually.

Missouri, from the Pilot and Iron Mountains, is capable of furnishing as much iron as any part of the world. Situated in the great Valley of the Mississippi, its value can scarcely be overrated.

The iron mountains of Lake Superior are equally as rich as northern New York. There are some, perhaps, who may regard this comparison as unjust to Lake Superior; but it must not be forgotten that one mine, the Sandford Lake Mine, is between six and seven hundred feet thick. A cubic yard of ore weighs four tons.

Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, possess inexhaustible supplies of iron ore, which are mostly the hydrous peroxides of iron. The hematites of Vermont and of eastern New York are very extensive.

The brown ores of iron in the south western counties of North Carolina, and in eastern Tennessee, are immense.

A mineral so important as iron should be widely distributed, and it appears that in the United States every important section is supplied with it. The largest sections or formations which are destitute of the ores of iron and of the metals, are the Cretaceous and Tertiary, which skirt the Atlantic coast, and which form our great basins and valleys. So, also, the Silurian and Devonian systems are, in a great measure, destitute of iron ores, with the exception of the argillaceous and oolitic ores of iron of the Clinton group.

I have already spoken of the value of the lead ores of Wisconsin, Missouri, and Iowa. The highest estimate which I have noticed of the probable productive capaci ties of the lead region, is from one hundred to one hundred and fifty millions of pounds annually, having already reached that of fifty millions under unfavorable cir

cumstances.

The production of copper is in its infancy. It is too early to attempt to determine the value of its mines, and yet the Lake Superior Copper District has already produced two thousand tons in a single year. The value of the copper which has been produced equals, at twenty five cents per pound, $2,700,000. The copper region which ranks next in value is in North Carolina. It has been referred to. The ore is the yellow sulphuret; the country is far better adapted to mining than that of Lake Superior. Indeed, it is of all others the best, whether we consider its climate, its means of sustaining a mining population at a cheap rate, or the production of timber for shafting, tunneling, fuel, etc. We do not yet know the real extent and value of its copper ores, but we have no doubt of the ultimate success of its copper mines.

It is not to be expected, however, that one-quarter of the veins which are now being tested will prove to be mines. Even if one in ten turn out well, North Carolina will become one of the richest mining districts in the Union.

The resources in copper in Tennessee are also remarkable, and particularly so, as several mines became productive from their first trials. I allude to those of Ducktown.

Although gold has been obtained in considerable quantities for half a century, still the mines and deposits have not been worked in a systematic manner. Present and immediate gains have been sought for, and hence no permanent works have been erected, except in a very few instances. Within the last two years, more system and more capital have been employed, and a better and more consistent view is now taken of gold mining, and the prospect is becoming daily more favorable to the enterprise. North Carolina is the center of the gold region, and will rank in value next to California. There are no accurate returns for the amount of gold North Carolina has furnished. Of the gold of California, the estimated production is less than the actual. The Hon. T. Butler King estimated it for 1848-9 at $40,000,000.

Our plaster, salt, marble, granite, and free-stone, form other large items of mineral wealth with which the United States abound. In the list of mineral property, mineral springs should not be forgotten. They administer to the health of the people. The only mines of quicksilver which are now known in the United States, are situated in Santa Clara, twelve miles from San Jose, in California. It is found in bunches in ferruginous clay, forming in part a hill 1,360 feet above tide. It is associated with broken down magnesian rocks. The deposit is large, but no accurate returns of the yield of quicksilver have been published. The mine is being worked in a systematic

manner.

We have no mines of tin, properly speaking.

I have said nothing of coal. It is almost impossible to measure or weigh in calculation its amount; but President Hitchcock observes truly, that the whole amount in solid measure of the coal in the United States equals at least 3,500,000 square miles.

WAMSUTTA COTTON MILLS.

The Wamsutta Corporation at New Bedford, Massachusetts, have just completed a new mill, 245 feet long, 70 wide, and 3 stories high. The new building is connected with the old in the form of an L, and both together are equal in length to 463 feet, and 70 feet wide, containing 32,400 square feet to each floor. The Mercury states that the whole establishment, when in full operation, will run 34,000 spindles, 700 looms, and will produce 3,200,000 yards fine sheeting and shirting per annum. This will employ 6,000 operatives. It will require an annual consumption of 3,000 tons of coal, 3,200 bales cotton, 50,000 lbs. of potato starch, 3,000 gallons of sperm oil, 2,000 gallons of whale oil, besides a great variety of other supplies.