The Processes of Technological Innovation

activities adoption decision analysis applied research approach basic research basic science behavior boundary Burns and Stalker CAD/CAM Chakrabarti chapter characteristics communication companies complex computer-aided design concept context costs defined deployers described diffusion discussion economic effect engineering environment equipment Eveland example fabricated metal federal firm's firms focused Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft function funding gatekeepers impact implementation important individual industry innovation process integration interaction involved issues literature machine vision major manufacturing measure ment mentation National Science National Science Board National Science Foundation nology operate organization organizational participants participative decision particular percent performance personal computers perspective problem process of technological R&D intensity R&D spending R&D strategy relationship research and development result role social socio-technical systems structure task tech technical techno technological innovation technology deployment technology policy tend tion Tornatzky understanding United universities variables