Europe on a revolutionary campaign, stir up rebellion in half-adozen southern kingdoms or dukedoms, and find himself safe back in England when his enterprises, as always befell, had failed. The truth is, he had something of the power of old Caius Marius, of mastering and constraining men. A singular personal fascination was characteristic of him; and he had devoted adherents by troops in the armies and in the courts of his most bitter foes.

Mazzini, in the first instance, won fame and influence by his fine literary genius. His style was a model of purity and grace, and his criticism was always masterly. He was an accomplished scholar, not in the literature of his own country only, but in the literature of his almost adopted country, for England was his second home. Some of the best criticism which has appeared of late years in our leading periodicals was from his pen. He was a thorough English scholar, and, like Kossuth, handled our language with an ease and mastery which only the very ablest of our native writers attain. But literature, after all, was but the byplay of his life. His great work absorbed him wholly. A fine scholar and critic was spoiled, some may say, to make a bad conspirator. But it was just the qualities which made his criticism so masterly-which made him primarily an Italian patriot, and sustained the faith which quickened faith in others, and made so many joyful martyrs to a noble cause. He was a true lover of mankind perhaps in the highest sense of the word the pure philanthropist. He shared the modest proceeds of his literary labors with Italian organ boys, while his heart was always open to appeals of human need. He had a profound faith in the possibility, and the near possibility, of a much higher and happier condition for the toiling and suffering mass of mankind than economists dream of. He believed in "God and the people." It was his chosen watchword. He had no sympathy with the aspirations of an atheistic communism. He believed firmly in God, and he never ceased to bear witness that the relations of men were rooted in their relation to God; and that duty, the duty which has Divine sanction, alone could supply the inspiration to the noble and lofty public and private virtue, which to him found a miserable substitute in the frippery, the profligacy, and the extravagance of courts. In these days, in which the revolutionist affects

the atheist, let it not be forgotten that Mazzini held fast his faith in God, as well as in the people, to the last.

His brief rule in Rome was the one gleam of sunlight on a sad broken life. In Rome he showed what large statesmanly power was latent in him, if it could but have found a fair theater for its exercise. We have heard those who were in Rome at the time say that life in Rome was never so sweet and wholesome as during the months of his rule. Struck down by the arms of the French Republic he returned to his sad exile. But his instinctive dread of French vanity and ambition was sharpened by the experience; and it is a sign of his clear discernment, that in 1859, when France was all-popular in Italy, he warned his countrymen that France was seeking her own, and would leave Italy when her own ends were gained to shift for herself. He was a pure Republican of the old classical type. He never could fairly reconcile himself to the regeneration of Italy under the scepter of a king. But still his heart must have swelled within him almost to bursting when he heard the echo of the shouts which acclaimed Victor Emmanuel on the Roman Capitol. From that moment we can well believe he set himself to die. Mazzini's work was done.

GEORGE PEABODY.

DAGNIFICENT charities are not always a proof of truebenevolence, and princely fortunes may be bestowed without in any great degree benefiting the world, but when a man starts from the lowest ranks in life without assistance, amasses a fortune by his industry and attention to business, and, never hoarding, bestows liberally upon all who need not only upon the beggar at the door, but famished nations are fed by his bounty, -when his quick sympathies and generous heart respond to every call of woe and every cry of destitution, he may well be called a

benefactor of the human race. From the age of eleven, when George Peabody was taken from school, until he was nineteen, he was a clerk in various dry goods houses, but at that time he became a partner with Mr. Elisha Riggs, of Georgetown, D. C. The new business consisted of the importation and sale of European goods, and the entire charge and management of the business devolved upon Mr. Peabody, a "boy of nineteen," as some of Mr. Riggs' friends sneeringly styled him. In 1815 the business had increased to that extent which made it impracticable to carry it on in Georgetown, and they removed to Baltimore, where banking was added to their regular business. In 1820 Mr. Riggs withdrew from active participation in the cares attendant upon such an enterprise, and the style of the firm was changed to Peabody, Riggs & Co. They had for some time been the financial agents for the State of Maryland, and their banking business had become very extended. In 1836 a branch house was established in London, as their trade in British manufactures was so great as to seem to demand it, and in 1837 he removed there to take charge of it. Since that time London has been his place of residence, though he always considered America his home. This year was one of the most remarkable in our history. A very large number of banks suspended payment; manufactories were closed; mercantile houses were ruined, or stood trembling upon the brink of ruin until saved by almost superhuman efforts. The credit of the United States seemed for the time to be disgraced, and American securities were a by-word with the nations of Europe. It was then that the strength of Mr. Peabody's character and the firmness of his standing was proven. It is said there was not half a dozen men in Europe who would have been listened to in this matter, but his judgment commanded the respect to which it was entitled, and his opinion carried weight with it. He stood firm in this time of trial, and the reproach was gradually removed. From this time forward he stood amongst the foremost merchants in the world. His business was increased, his vessels ploughed the main freighted with the products of Europe and America. His bank grew in

popularity and was a source of great profit.

Mr. Peabody was very proud of America. He loved his birthplace even more for his exile, and a cherished purpose was to return there some day and make his home with his people. For a

great many years after his arrival in London he celebrated the anniversary of American Independence with religious exactness, and only relinquished the practice when the whole body of American residents observed the day with public services. In speaking of the manner in which he organized his business establishment he once said: "I have endeavored, in the constitution of its members and the character of its business, to make it an American house and to give it an American atmosphere; to furnish it with American journals; to make it a center of American news, and an agreeable place for my American friends visiting London."

It was mainly owing to his exertions that American enterprise was properly represented in the Great Exhibition. In speaking of this, the Hon. Edward Everett said: "In most, perhaps in all other countries, this exhibition had been a government affair. Commissioners were appointed by authority to protect the interests of the exhibitors; and, what was more important, appropriations of money had been made to defray their expenses. No appropriations were made by Congress. Our exhibitors arrived, friendless, some of them penniless, in the great commercial Babel of the world. They found the portion of the Crystal Palace assigned to our country unprepared for the specimens of art and industry which they had brought with them; naked and unadorned, by the side of the neighboring arcades and galleries fitted up with elegance and splendor by the richest governments in Europe. The English press began to launch its too ready sarcasm at the sorry appearance which Brother Jonathan seemed likely to make; and all of the exhibitors from this country, as well as those who felt an interest in their success, were disheartened. At this critical moment, our friend stepped forward. He did what Congress should have done. By liberal advances on his part, the American department was fitted up, and day after day, as some new product of American ingenuity and taste was added to the list, McCormick's reaper, Colt's revolver, Powers's Greek Slave, Hobbs' unpickable lock, Hoe's wonderful printing presses, and Bond's more wonderful spring governor, it began to be suspected that Brother Jonathan was not quite so much of a simpleton as had been thought. He had contributed his full share, if not to the splendor, at least to the utilities of the exhibition. In fact, the leading journal at London, with a magnanimity which did