Minister of the Interior, he caused the arrest of the Duchess de Berry, during her famous insurrection in la Vendee. From 1832 to 1834, having left the Interior Department, he took charge of that of Commerce and Public Works; returning to the former in 1834, and marching personally against the barricades and rioters who appeared in Paris at that time. In 1836, he resigned; but, a month later, he was President of the Council of Ministers and in charge of the Foreign Affairs Office, where he was succeeded by Count Mole in August, 1836. In 1837, he made a trip to Italy, where he created quite a sensation as a liberal patron of art and a liberal Minister. In 1840, as a result of the famous Thiers Guizot coalition, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs and President of the Council, and caused the construction of the fortifications of Paris. At the close of the year he resigned, and traveled in Italy, Spain, Germany and England, until 1845. In 1848, he was Minister for one day, on the eve of the Revolution; and, at the close of the year was elected to the Constitutional Assembly by four Departments. At the coup d'etat of 1851 he was arrested and sent to the frontier. In 1852 he returned to France. In 1863 he was elected by Paris to the Corps Legislatif, and was re-elected in 1869. He was chosen a member of the French Academy in 1833, in the place of Andrieux. In 1847 he published his History of the Consulship and the Empire, which he finished during the reign of Napoleon the Third. His life from 1870 till now is well known.

EORGE S. BOUTWELL was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, January 28th, 1818. When seventeen years or age he went to Groton and commenced business as clerk in a store. At nineteen he appeared first as a lecturer before the public in the Groton Lyceum. At the age of twenty-one he was nominated by the Democratic party for the legislature, but lost the election. Three years later he was again candidate, and being elected, was continued in the office seven successive years. In 1851 he was elected Governor of Massachusetts and held the office two terms. In 1853 he separated from the Democratic party and became a leader of the Republicans in Massachusetts. he was a member of the Peace Congress, was the first Commissioner of Internal Revenue and organized the revenue system of the United States.

He was elected a Representative in Congress and took his seat in March, 1863. He was appointed a member of the Judiciary Committee, and continued on it, and also on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. At the close of the war he was one of the first advocates of negro suffrage. As a manager of the Impeachment Trial before the Senate, his honest sincerity and eloquence attracted the attention and admiration of the whole country. Mr.

Boutwell had just taken his seat in the Forty-first Congress when he was called by President Grant to take a seat in his cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury. Mr. Boutwell entered upon his duties under many difficulties, and though he pursued a new policy, the practical results of which was doubted by some, the national debt was reduced more than twenty million dollars during his first three months in office. There is no question of Mr. Boutwell's honesty, or of his integrity, while his ability, force of character, vigorous powers and habits of thought, together with an attractive, kindly manner, make him a general favorite and a trusted statesman.

ZACHARIAH CHANDLER.

ACHARIAH CHANDLER was born in Bedford, N. H.,
December 10, 1813. He received a good education, and

at the age of twenty-two went to Detroit, Mich., engaged in mercantile business, and as the town, then small, increased in size, so also did his business, until he was one of the heaviest wholesale dry goods merchants in the State. He was a whig in politics, so far at least as he was a politician, which was not to any great extent, and he never sought political honors. He was elected Mayor of Detroit in 1851, and in the following year was nominated for Governor of the State, but his fine sense of honor forbade his silence upon what seemed to him vital points of interest to the nation, and he gave his views so plainly and independently as to offend the party in power, and lost the election. In 1856 he was elected to the United States Senate for six years, and during that term was identified with all the leading movements of the day for a general system of internal improvements, for preventing the further increase of slave territory, and for the suppression of the vices and corruption which disgraced the nation. One of our finest critics writes of him: "The country does not know how much it owes to his Roman firmness. The people have become too much accustomed to regard him as one of the fortresses of their liberties, which no artillery could breach, and whose parapet no storming column could ever reach, that they have never given themselves a thought as to the disastrous consequences which might have followed had he spoken or voted differently from what he did. When did he ever pander

to position, or complain of being unappreciated by his party? Yet no man ever did braver work for a party, and got less consideration than he."

In the rebellion he advocated prompt and energetic measures, not half-way action. He was prompt and efficient in promoting the welfare of the soldiers, and in bringing about an honorable peace.