time herein limited, such last-mentioned time shall commence on, and be computed from, the first day of June, one thousand eight hundred and twenty-one. SECT. 9. No writ of error shall be brought for the reversal of any judgment, after the expiration of three years from the time of rendering such judgment. SECT. 10. No petition for a new trial, in any case in which final judgment hath been or shall have been rendered, either in chancery or at law, shall be brought, but within three years next after [*lvi] the judgment or decree complained of shall have been rendered or passed. SECT. 11. No person shall be indicted, informed against, complained of, or in any way prosecuted, before any court, for treason against this State, or for any crime or misdemeanor, whereof the punishment is, or may be, imprisonment in Newgate prison, unless the indictment, presentment, or complaint be made and exhibited within three years next after the offence shall have been committed; nor shall any person be indicted, informed against, complained of, or in any way prosecuted before any court, for the breach of any penal law, or for other crime or misdemeanor, excepting crimes punishable by death, or imprisonment in Newgate prison, unless the indictment, presentment, information, or complaint be made and exhibited within one year next after the offence shall have been committed. Provided, that any action or prosecution, proper for the recovery of any penalty incurred by the breach of any of the provisions of the law relating to the slave-trade, or concerning Indian, mulatto, and negro servants and slaves, may be brought and prosecuted at any time within three years after such cause of action shall arise. Provided, that if the person against whom such indictment, presentment, information, or complaint shall be brought or exhibited, shall have fled from and have resided out of this State, during the period limited as aforesaid, for the prosecution of the offence charged, then the same may be brought and exhibited against such person at any time within such period, during which he shall reside within this State, after the commission of the offence. And provided, also, that where any suit, indictment, presentment, information, or complaint, for any crime or misdemeanor, is or shall be limited by any other statute, to be brought or exhibited within a shorter time than is hereby limited, the same shall be brought or exhibited within the time limited by such statute. An additional statute (1833) enacts, that in all cases in which the time limited by the Act to which this is in addition, for the commencement of any personal action, which by law survives to the representatives of any deceased person, shall not have elapsed at the time of the decease of any such person, the term of one year shall be allowed to his executor or admin istrator, from the time of such decease, to institute a suit therefor; and in computing the time limited in said Act, in the cases aforesaid, such term shall be excluded from the computation. RHODE ISLAND. Personal Actions. (Revised Laws, p. 220.) [* lvii] * SECTION 1. All actions of trespass, trespass and ejectment, detinue or replevin; all actions of account and upon the case, except on such accounts as concern trade or merchandise between merchant and merchant, their factors or servants; all actions of debt founded upon any contract without specialty; all actions of debt from arrearages of rents; actions of debt for other causes, and all actions of covenant which shall be sued or brought at any time, after this Act shall go into operation, shall be commenced and sued within the time hereinafter directed, and not after; that is to say, the said actions upon the case, excepting actions for slander, and the said actions of account, and the said actions for debt, founded upon any contract without specialty, or brought for arrearages of rents, and all actions of detinue and replevin, shall be brought and commenced within six years after the cause of the said actions, and not after; the said actions of trespass, and trespass and ejectment, shall be brought within four years next after the cause of such action, and not after; and actions upon the case for words within two years next after the words spoken, and not after; all actions of debt, other than those before specified, and all actions of covenant, within twenty years next after the cause of said actions, and not after. SECT. 2. If any person against whom there is or shall be cause for any action, herein before enumerated, shall, at the time such cause accrue, be without the limits of this State, or, being within said State at the time such cause accrue, shall go out of said State before said action shall be barred by this Act, and shall not have or leave property or estate therein that can, by the common and ordinary process of law, be attached, then and in such case, the person entitled to such action may commence the same, within the time before limited, after such persons return into this State. SECT. 3. If any person at the time any such action shall accrue to him shall be within the age of twenty-one years, feme covert, non compos mentis, imprisoned or beyond the limits of the United States, such person may bring the same, within such time as is herein before limited, after such impediment is removed. SECT. 4. If any person, for or against whom any of said actions shall accrue, shall die before the time limited for bringing the same, or within thirty days after the expiration of said time, and the cause of said action shall survive, such action may be commenced by or against the executor or administrator of the deceased person, as the case may be, at any time within one year after the granting of letters testamentary or of administration, and not afterwards, if barred by the provisions of this Act. * SECT. 5. If any action duly commenced, within the time lim- [*lviii] ited and allowed therefor, in and by this Act, shall be abated or otherwise avoided or defeated by the death of any party thereto, or for any matter, or if, after verdict for the plaintiff, the judgment shall be arrested, the plaintiff may commence a new action for the same cause, at any time within one year after the abatement or other determination of the original suit as aforesaid; and, if the cause of action does by law survive, his executor or administrator may, in case of his death, commence said new action, within the said one year. For quieting Possessions and avoiding Suits at Law. (Revised Laws, p. 219.) SECTION 1. All grants, charters, and conveyances heretofore made by the general assembly unto any town, corporation, community, or propriety, or to any other person or persons whosoever, shall be, and they hereby are, ratified and confirmed as good and effectual to all intents and purposes, in law, for the conveying all such lands, tenements, rights, privileges, and profits as are therein mentioned, to the said towns, corporations, communities, proprieties, person or persons, and to their respective successors, heirs, and assigns for ever. SECT. 2. Where any person or persons, or others from whom he or they derive their title, either by themselves, tenants, or lessees, shall have been for the space of twenty years in the uninterrupted, quiet, peaceable, and actual seisin and possession of any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, for and during the said time, claiming the same as his, her, or their proper, sole, and rightful estate in fee-simple, such actual seisin and possession shall be allowed to give and make a good and rightful title to such person or persons, their heirs and assigns for ever; and any plaintiff suing for the recovery of any such lands may rely upon such possession as conclusive title thereto; and this Act being pleaded in bar to any action that shall hereafter be brought for such lands, tenements, or hereditaments, and such actual seisin and possession being duly proved, shall be allowed to be good, valid, and effectual in law for barring the same: Provided, that nothing in this Act shall be construed, deemed, or taken to extend to prejudice the rights and claims of persons under age, non compos mentis, feme covert, or those imprisoned, or those beyond the limits of the United States; they bringing their suit therefor within the space of ten years next after such impediment is removed: Provided further, that nothing above contained shall extend, or be construed or deemed to extend, to bar any person or persons having any estate in reversion or remainder, expectant or depending, in any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, after the end or determina tion of the estate for years, life, or lives; such person or persons [*lix] pursuing *his or their title by due course of law, within ten years after his or their right of action shall accrue; any thing in this Act contained to the contrary notwithstanding. MIDDLE STATES. NEW YORK. Real Property. (Revised Statutes, Vol. 2, Part 3, Ch. 4, tit. 2.) SECTION 1. The people of this State will not sue or implead any per'son for, or in respect to, any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or for the issues or profits thereof, by reason of any right or title of the said people to the same, unless, First. Such right or title shall have accrued within twenty years before any suit, or other proceeding, for the same shall be commenced; or, unless, Second. The said people, or those from whom they claim, shall have received the rents and profits of such real estate, or of some part thereof, within the said space of twenty years. SECT. 2. The last preceding section shall not extend to any suit or prosecution for, or in respect to, any liberties or franchises. SECT. 3. No action shall be brought for, or in respect to, any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, by any person claiming by virtue of any letterspatent, or grants from the people of this State, unless the same might have been commenced by the people of this State, as herein specified, in case such patent or grant had not been issued or made. SECT. 4. When letters-patent, or grants of any lands or tenements, shall have been issued or made by the people of this State, and the same shall be declared void by the judgment or decree of some competent court, rendered upon a suggestion of concealment, or wrongful detaining, or defective title, in such case, an action, for the recovery of the premises so conveyed, may be brought, either by the people of this State, or by any subsequent patentee or grantee of the same premises, his heirs or assigns, within twenty years after such judgment or decree was rendered; but not after that period. SECT. 5. No action for the recovery of any lands, tenements, or hereditaments, or for the recovery of the possession thereof, shall be maintained, unless it appear that the plaintiff, his ancestor, predecessor, or grantor, was seised or possessed of the premises in question within twenty years before the commencement of such action. SECT. 6. No avowry or cognizance of title to real estate, or to any *rents or services, shall be valid, unless it appear that the per- [* lx] son making the avowry, or the person in whose right the cognizance is made, or the ancestor, predecessor, or grantor of such person, was seised or possessed of the premises in question, within twenty years before the committing the act in defence of which such avowry or cognizance is made. SECT. 7. No entry upon real estate shall be deemed sufficient or valid as a claim, unless an action be commenced thereupon within one year after the making of such entry and within twenty years from the time when the right to make such entry descended or accrued. SECT. 8. In every action for the recovery of real estate, or the possession thereof, the person establishing a legal title to the premises shall be presumed to have been possessed thereof, within the time required by law; and the occupation of such premises by any other person shall be deemed to have been under, and in subordination to, the legal title, unless it appear that such premises have been held and possessed adversely to such legal title, for twenty years before the commencement of such action. SECT. 9. Whenever it shall appear that the occupant or those under whom he claims entered into the possession of any premises under claim of title exclusive of any other right, founding such claim upon some written instrument, as being a conveyance of the premises in question, or upon the decree or judgment of some competent court; and that there has been a continued occupation and possession of the premises included in such instrument, decree, or judgment, or of some part of such premises, under such claim, for twenty years, the premises so included shall be deemed to have been held adversely; except that, where the premises so included consist of a tract divided into lots, the possession of one lot shall not be deemed a possession of any other lot of the same tract. SECT. 10. For the purpose of constituting an adverse possession, by any person claiming a title founded upon some written instrument, or some judgment or decree, land shall be deemed to have been possessed and occupied in the following cases : First. Where it has been usually cultivated or improved. Third. Where, although not enclosed, it has been used for the supply of |