189, 386-392; II, 367; sunrise
to sunset system, I, 158, 171,
174, 186, 189n, 544; ten-hour
movement, I, 110, 159n, 235,
303, 307, 324, 366n, 384.
Legislation, legislative investiga-
tion, I, 436, 437, 540; ten-hour
law in New Hampshire, I, 541,
542; in New York, I, 542, 543;
in Pennsylvania, I, 543; in
other states, I, 543-545.
Theories: citizenship, I, 170–172,
384, 385; make-work, I, 545,
546.
See also, Eight-Hour Day.
Housewrights of Boston, promote
inventions, I, 76.
Howard, Robert, II, 321, 322, 328,
331, 463.
Humanitarianism, anti-Chinise agi-
tation, II, 267; apprenticeship,
I, 595; co-operation, I, 565;
high-water mark, I, 564; hours
of labour, I, 536, 541; in 1837,
I, 12; in forties, I, 14; union-
ism, I, 576.
See also, Agrarianism; Associa-
tion; Co-operation; Land Pol-
icy; Transcendentalism.
Hungary, Bureau for recruiting
contract labourers, II, 372.
Illinois, eight hour day, II, 108;
Knights of Labor, II, 381, 382;
unions, 1863, 1864, II, 19.
Immigration, decrease, 1855, 1856,
I, 616; increase, I, 413, 488,
489.
Character: change, I, 489, 490;
Chinese, II, 149, 150; contract,
II, 117, 118, 131, 324, 372, 373,
413, 414; German forty-eight-
ers, II, 204; in eighties, II,
360, 523.
Effects: competition, I, 9, 10; II,
86, 149, 150; hours of labour, I,
544; riots, I, 412, 415; strikes,
I, 597; II, 117, 179; trade union
membership, II, 315.
Imprisonment for Debt, abolition,
I, 221, 281, 296-298, 318;
wage-earner, I, 177-180, 221n.
Incorporation of unions, before Con-
gress, II, 328; early attitude
toward, II, 314; Farmers' Alli-
ance, II, 489n; law, II, 409;
labour conventions, II, 165, 324,
325, 330; Charles Wilson's plan,
II, 66, 67.
Industrialism, first move, II, 312;
forms, II, 534, 535.
Industrialists, in Columbia Typo-
graphical Society, I, 137.
Industrial Brotherhood, beginning,
II, 196.
Industrial Congresses, 1845-1856,
aims, I, 558; bargain for votes,
I, 559; city, I, 551, 552, 557;
land reformers control, I, 550,
551; organised, I, 548; Owen's
world convention, I, 549.
Cleveland, 1873: call, II, 159;
constitution, II, 160; co-opera-
tion, II, 161; panic, II, 161;
political action, II, 161; trade
unionism, II, 160; representa-
tion, II, 159.
Indianapolis: constitution, II,
167; trade unions, II, 166.
New York, 1850: bargain for
votes, I, 559; control, I, 555,
561, 562; organised, I, 552;
purpose, I, 554; representation,
I, 553; trade unionism, I, 557.
Rochester, 1874: arbitration, II,
165; constitution,
162;
greenbackism, II, 164, 165; In-
dustrial Brotherhood, II, 163,
164; political action, II, 166;
representation, II, 162.
Industrial Cycles, Depression: ap-
prenticeship, II, 84; bank fail-
ures, 1837, I, 454, 455; causes,
II, 283; food riots, 1837, I, 12,
463, 464; greenbackism, II, 122,
168, 170, 245, 248, 249; in Cali-
fornia, II, 147, 148, 253, 267;
in 1829, I, 170; in 1833, I, 351;
in 1837-1852, I, 488, 489, 492;
in 1847, I, 564; in 1854, 1855,
I, 613-615; in 1857, II, 5; in
1861, II, 9, 10; in 1866-1868,
II, 115, 123, 124; in 1873-1879,
II, 195, 219, 220; in 1877, II,
185; in 1883-1885, II, 361, 362;
in 1893, II, 501; influence, I,
10; II, 472; Lassalleanism, II,
227, 228; prison labour, I, 369;
Sovereigns of Industry, II, 175;
strikes, I, 381, 382; unionism, I,
134-138, 456, 469, 614, 615; II,
46, 47, 161, 166, 175.
Prosperity: apprenticeship, II, 84;
in 1835, I, 348, 351; in 1862, II,
14, 15; in 1869, II, 55; in 1898,
II, 521; influence, I, 10; II,
472; political action, I, 326; II,
143; socialism, II, 284; strikes,
I, 381, 382.
Industrial Education, apprentice-
ship, I, 77, 78; demand, I, 284,
300, 301, 322; funds, I, 84, 85;
labour, I, 226, 228, 328.
Industrial Workers of the World, I,
17; industrialism, II, 533, 534;
organised, II, 523; trade agree-
ment, II, 527.
Infidelity, workingman accused, I,
211-213, 254, 272, 273, 290, 293.
Ingersoll, Jared, in Philadelphia
conspiracy case, I, 139.
Injunctions, see Conspiracy.
Intellectuals, term explained, I, 19,
20; welcome International, II,
210.
See also, Andrews, Stephen Pearl;
Brisbane; Cooper, Peter; Day,
H. H.; Foran, Martin A.;
George, Henry; Greeley, H.;
Hinchcliffe; Kellogg, Edward;
Lloyd, Henry D.; McNeill,
George E.; Moore, Ely; Owen,
Robert; Owen, Robert Dale;
Sorge, F. A.; Steward, Ira;
Swinton, John; Warren, Josiah;
Wright, Frances.
International, Black, Central Labor
Union, II, 387; Chicago, II,
390; collapse, II, 394; Haymar-
ket Square bomb, II, 393, 394;
information bureau, II, 296; or-
ganised, II, 291; Pittsburgh
Convention, II, 293–296.
International, Bohemian Section,
formed, II, 209, 390.
International,
French Section,
formed, II, 209.
International, Red, established, II,
298-299; Socialist Labor Party,
II, 300n.
International Working People's As-
sociation, see International,
Black.
Interstate Commerce Act, injunc-
tions, II, 505.
International Labor Union, conven-
tion, II, 305; failure, II, 306;
organised, II, 302; programme,
II, 303, 304; textile workers,
II, 304; unskilled, II, 280.
International Workingmen's Associ-
ation, Organisation: American
Confederation, II, 213; Ameri-
can forerunners, II, 206, 207;
Bakunin and Marx, II, 214, 215;
central committee, II, 210, 211;
councils, II, 212, 213, 215; Euro-
pean federations, II, 216, 269,
270, 271; nationalisation, II,
231, 269-271; National Labor
Union, II, 131; North American
Federation, II, 214; organs, II,
221, 222, 230, 390n; sections, II,
209, 210, 216, 217; secessionists,
II, 217, 233; unemployed, II,
219, 220; Union Congress, II,
270; United Workers of Amer-
ica affiliate, II, 222.
Theories: II, 86, 87, 302, 303;
immigration, II, 131, 132; Las-
salleanisation, II, 228, 229; po-
litical action, II, 205, 218, 219;
trade unionism, II, 205, 223-
226, 233, 234.
See also, Bakunin, Michael; Carl,
Conrad; Claflin, Tennessee;
Hales, John; Marx, Karl;
Sorge, F. A.; Stiebling, George
C.; Woodhull, Victoria; Work-
ingmen's Party of United States.
Iowa, Greenbackism, II, 244, 248.
Irish World, The, supports Henry
George, II, 451.
Iron and Steel Workers, Amalga-
mated Association of, and A.
F. of L., II, 329; established, II,
313; Homestead strike, II, 495,
497; long strike, II, 181, 184,
185; organised, II, 179; trade
agreement, II, 179-181.
Iron Moulders, see Molders Interna-
tional Union.
Irons, Martin, Southwest strike, II,
383.
Italy, contract labourers, II, 372.
Itinerancy, Bücher's use of the term,
I, 33; competition, I, 45, 48, 49,
67; wages, I, 51, 52.
Inventions, encouraged, I, 76, 77.
Jackson, Alexander, J. W., I, 430,
434.
Jackson, Andrew, I, 269, 270, 347,
348.
Jarrett, John, II, 321-325, 329, 468.
Jessup, William J., II, 108, 113, 115,
116, 123, 124, 126, 133, 211.
Johnson, Andrew, I, 103, 104, 124,
562.
John Swinton's Paper, boycott, II,
364, 365; contract labour, II,
372; National Union Labor
Party, II, 465; strikes, II, 363;
trade unions and the Knights,
II, 414.
Jonas, Alexander, II, 278, 300.
Journeyman, Conditions: bricklay-
ers, I, 405; class conflict, I, 64;
competition, control, I, 57; com.
petition, convicts, I, 155, 344-
347; competition, women, I,
342-344; merchant-capitalist
system, I, 339, 379; politics, I,
234; printing trade, I, 446, 447,
448; Weitling, I, 514.
Demands: apprenticeship, I, 339,
340-342, 590-595; ten-hour day,
I, 159-162, 234, 310.
Junior Sons of '76, call national la-
bour convention, II, 201, 202,
235; organised, II, 196, 201;
platform, II, 202n.
Jurassian Federation,
stronghold, II, 215.
Kalloch, I. S. Reverend, mayor of
San Francisco, II, 261, 262.
Kearney, Denis, II, 249, 250, 254-
264.
Kellogg, Edward, I, 20, 519, 556;
II, 119-121, 225.
Kelley, O. H., and Patrons of Hus-
bandry, II, 172.
Kennady, A. M., II, 113, 147, 147n,
148.
Kentucky, unions, 1863, 1864, II, 19.
Klinge, Karl, socialist, II, 228, 230,
273.
Knight, H. L., II, 255, 259, 261.
Knights of Labor, Conventions:
Cincinnati, 1891, II, 494; Cleve-
land, 1882, II, 326; District As-
sembly 1 at Philadelphia, 1876,
II, 333; District Assembly 3 at
Pittsburgh, II, 333; Minneapolis
General Assembly, II, 412, 413;
Omaha, 1892, II, 494; Pitts-
burgh, 1876, II, 236, 239; Pitts-
burgh, 1881, II, 321, 322: Read-
ing, II, 335; Richmond, II, 408;
Terre Haute, II, 318-320.
Organisation: assemblies, II, 197,
199-201; beginnings, II, 196,
197; centralisation, II,
ments, II, 344, 345, 382, 482,
488, 492; form, II, 339; growth,
II, 339, 344, 350, 381, 396, 413,
414, 422, 423, 482; Ocean Asso-
ciation, II, 420; resistance fund,
II, 340, 341; sojourners, II,
198; Southern Farmers' Alli-
ance, II, 489, 491.
Policies: arbitration, 11, 374;
boycott, II, 317, 364, 365, 419,
444; Catholic Church, II, 339;
co-operation, I, 18; II, 351, 352,
430-438; eight-hour movement,
II, 378, 379, 392, 485; immigra-
tion, II, 372, 373; monopoly, II,
362; political action, II, 243,
351, 462, 463, 488, 493; princi-
ples, II, 198, 335, 495; secrecy,
II, 201, 232, 338, 339; socialism,
II, 519; strikes, II, 200, 334,
347-350, 367-369, 383, 384, 394,
416, 417, 419, 420-422, 483,
483n, 498, 499.
Trade Unions: American Fed-
eration of Labor, II, 484, 488;
attitude, II, 352; brewery work-
ers, II, 488; conflict, II, 397-
399, 402, 405, 406, 409, 484; fed-
eration, II, 328, 329; machinists,
II, 486; miners, II, 425, 426,
487; moulders, II, 344n, 40ln;
movement within, II, 342, 346,
427; trade assemblies, II, 428,
486; trade councils, II, 311n.
See also, Powderly, Terence V.;
Sovereign, James R.
Knights of Saint Crispin, aims, II,
77; apprenticeship, II, 84; Chi-
nese labour, II, 141, 149; co-
operation, II, 79, 140, 141, 152;
eight-hour day, II, 140; factory
system, II, 76, 77; green hands,
II, 77; in seventies, II, 152,
153; Knights of Labor, II, 200,
345; membership, II, 177; or-
ganised, II, 77; Phillips,
Thomas, II, 39, 40n; political
action, II, 140; strikes, II, 77,
78.
Kommunistischen
Kriege, Herman, and land reform,
I, 534, 535.
Label, anti-Chinese, II, 266, 267,
401; cigar makers, II, 266n,
401n; endorsed, II, 330;
Knights of Labor, II, 401n, 435.
Labour Congresses, 1866: co-opera-
tion, II, 101; eight-hour ques-
tion, II, 98; land question, II,
100, 101; organisation, II, 101,
102; political action, II, 99;
representation, II, 96, 97; trade
unionism, II, 98; women in in-
dustry, II, 101.
1867: constitution, II, 116; co-
operation, II, 118, 119; eight-
hour day, II, 118; greenbackism,
II, 119; immigration, II, 116-
118; Negro, II, 118; principles,
II, 122; representation, II, 115.
1868: greenbackism, 11, 128; po-
litical action, II, 125, 129;
representation, II, 126; strikes,
II, 129; women present, II, 127,
128.
1869: acts, II, 134, 135n; effect of
Sylvis' death, II, 134; repre-
sentation, II, 133.
1870: Chinese problem, II, 146;
constitution, II, 146; Negro
question, II, 144, 145; political
action, II, 145, 146; representa-
tion, II, 144.
Labour Conventions, National, Alle-
ghany City, 1879, II, 284, 285;
Baltimore Congress, 1866, II,
96; carpenters, 1836, I, 452;
cigar makers, 1864, 11, 69; Cin-
cinnati, 1887, II, 464, 465; Cin-
cinnati, 1891, II, 494; Cleve-
land, 1873, II, 159-161; Cleve-
land, 1875, II, 169; Cleveland,
1882, II, 326-328; Columbus,
1886, II, 409-412; combmakers,
1836, I, 452; currency reform-
ers, 1878, II, 244; Indianapolis,
1874, II, 166-168; industrial,
1870, II, 153; Knights of Labor,
II, 333, 334, 407, 493; Labor
Congress, 1867, II, 115-122;
1868, II, 125, 130; 1869, II,
133; 1870, II, 144-147; loom
weavers, 1836, I, 453; Louis-
ville, 1864, II, 35, 36; Machin-
ists and Blacksmiths, 1861, II,
13; National Trades' Union,
1834, I, 425-429; National
Trades' Union, 1835, I, 430-
433; National Trades' Union,
1836, 1, 433-436; Newark, 1877,
II, 277-279; New York, 1883,
II, 328; nominating, 1876, II,
170; Omaha, 1892, II, 494;
Philadelphia, 1861, II, 11;
Philadelphia, 1886, II, 403;
Pittsburgh, 1876, II, 236; Pitts-
burgh, 1881, II, 321-326; Pitts-
burgh, 1883, II, 293-296; Roch-
ester, 1874, II, 162-165; St.
Louis farmers, 1889, II, 490-
492; Terre Haute, 1881, II, 318-
320; Typographical Union, 1837,
I, 450, 453; Tyrone, 1875, II,
235.
Labour Papers, American Banker
and Workingmen's Leader, II,
16; Arbeiter, II, 16; Baltimore
Trades' Union, I, 360; Chicago,
II, 282; Chicagoer Arbeiter-
Zeitung, II, 282; Daily Press,
I, 617; II, 17, 23; depression,
I, 456; in 1863-1873, II, 15-17;
International Labor Union, II,
304; Journal, I, 248; Mechan-
ic's Own, II, 16; Miner and Ar-
tisan, II, 17; National La-
bourer, I, 360, 375; National
Trades' Union, I, 360; New Eng-
land Artisan, I, 360; New Eng-
land Mechanic, II, 16; official,
I, 360; II, 278, 281; People's
Rights, I, 527; Philadelphia
Trades' Union, I, 360; Portland
Mechanic, I, 291; Practical Poli-
tician and Workingmen's Advo-
cate, I, 291; Reform, Die, I,
618; Republik der Arbeiter, I,
507; revolutionary, I, 564; Sen-
tinel, I, 248, 268; Soziale Repub-
lik, II, 16; Subterranean, I,
527; Washingtonian, I, 360;
Working Man's Advocate, II,
16; Working Man's National
Advocate, II, 618; Working
Man's Party, I, 268; Young
America, I, 530.
See also, Alarm, The; Arbeiter-
stimme; Arbeiterstimme des
Westens; Arbeiter-Zeitung;
Boycotter, The; Daily Evening
Voice; Delaware Free Press;
Delnicke Listy; Emancipator,
Milwaukee; Fincher's Trades'
Review; Gleicheit, Die; John
Swinton's Paper; Labor Stand-
ard; Leader, The; Mechanics'
Free Press; Milwaukee Sozial-
ist; National Socialist; New
Yorker Volkszeitung; Nye Tid;
Socialist; Sozial-Demokrat; So-
zialist, Der; Standard, The;
Tageblatt, Philadelphia; Vor-
bote; Woodhull and Claflin's
Weekly.
Labour Party, early attempts to
form, I, 17, 18.
Labor Party of Illinois: Lassallean
ideas, II, 227; International, II,
233; organisation, II, 228; po-
litical action, II, 229, 230;
trade unionism, II, 228; Union
Congress, II, 270.
See also Vorbote.
Labor Party of Newark, joins Social
Democrat Party of N. A., II,
230.
Labor Standard, control, II, 275;
Newark convention, II, 278; so-
cialist organ, II, 271; trade
unionism, II, 274.
Laissez-faire, argument of journey-
men, I, 150.
Lake Seamen's Union, Cleveland
convention, II, 326; established,
II, 313; Terre Haute Confer-
ence, II, 318.
See also, Powers, Richard.
Land Policy, Bovay's, I, 549; class
struggle, I, 4; free land, I, 4,
526; II, 360; government, I,
562; Hine, II, 128; homestead
law, 1862, I, 562; immigration,
I, 489; Industrial Congresses, I,
550, 551, 557, 558, 561; II, 100,
101; Kriege, I, 534, 535; manu-
facturers, I, 562; rents, limita-
tion of, I, 558; single-tax reso-
lution, II, 327; slave holders, I,
563; Trades' Union, I, 428, 433;
western ideas, I, 563.
See also, Agrarianism.
Lassalle, Ferdinand, II, 205-207.
Lassalleanism, Campbell's money re-
form, II, 121; Chicago, II, 272,
273; depression, II, 227, 228;
German, II, 207; German
Workingmen's Union, General,
II, 207; Marxism, II, 270,
271; political action, II, 206,
271; trade unionism, II, 271–
274.
See also, Klinge, Karl; Labor
Party of Illinois; Lyser, Gus-
tav; McGuire, P. J.; Schlägel,
E.; Social Democratic Party of
North America; Strasser,
Adolph.
Layton, R. D., and Knights of La-
bor, II, 321n.
Leader, The, George-Hewitt cam-
paign, II, 451; socialism, II,
451, 459.
League of Deliverance, boycott of
Chinese goods, II, 267.
Leffingwell, Samuel L., Cleveland
convention, 1882, II, 321; Pitts-
burgh convention, 1881, II, 322;
Terre Haute convention, II, 319.
Legal tender acts, see Financial sys-
tem.
Lehr and Wehr Verein, militarism,
II, 280, 387.
Liebknecht, Wilhelm, German corre-
spondent of Arbeiter Zeitung,
II, 221.
Litchman, Charles H., II, 79, 250,
408n, 468.
Lloyd, Henry D., I, 19; warns
against monopoly, II, 360.
Lockouts, Boston printers, II, 17;
Boston ship-carpenters. II, 312;
brewery workers, II, 488;
Champion Reaper Company, II,
415; Chicago brick layers, II,
423-425; Chicago packing in-
dustry, II, 385n, 418, 419; in
1886, II, 417n; Jamestown, II,
414; knit goods, II, 418; Mc-
Cormick Reaper Company, II,
392; Moberly, Missouri, II, 368,
369; Philadelphia cordwainers,
I, 122; policy, II, 195; Troy, II,
418.
Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood
of, Arthur, P. M., II, 67, 68;
benefit system, II, 68; Brother-
hood of the Footboard, II, 62;
growth, II, 47; incorporation,
II, 66; organised, II, 62; piece
work, II, 62; railway consolida-
tion, II, 61, 62; strike on Mich-
igan Southern, II, 64, 65; Wil-
son, II, 63, 67.
Lottery System, demand for aboli-
tion, I, 223.
Lowell, factory system, I, 429; poli-
tics, I, 316.
Lowell Female Labor Reform Asso-
ciation, hours of labour, I, 539.
Lucker, Labor Congress, 1868, II,
126; on conspiracy, II, 133.
Luther, Seth, I, 312, 319, 325, 380,
422n.
Lynn, shoemakers of, I, 102, 105;
women organise, I, 355.
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