21; evolution, I, 14; Masquerier,
I, 532; Most, Johann, II, 294;
Pittsburgh Convention, 1883, II,
293; Pittsburgh Manifesto, II,
295, 296; politics, II, 292, 293;
Proudhonism, II, 139; Red In-
ternational, II, 299, 300; social-
ism, II, 290; syndicalism, II,
297; ticket exchange, I, 511;
unionism, II, 292, 293; Weit-
ling's bank of exchange, I, 514,
515.

See also, International, Black;
Transcendentalism.

Anarchists, see Andrews; Bakunin;
Brisbane; Fourier; Tucker;

Warren; Weitling.

Ancient Order of United Workmen,
II, 196.

Andrews, Stephen Pearl, anarchist,
I, 17, 516-518, 556; II, 210.
Anthony, Susan B., II, 127, 129.
Anti-monopoly Party, Kearney, a

leader, II, 264; nominations,
1884, II, 440.

Anti-Poverty Society, organised, II,

456.

Apprenticeship, Conditions: becomes

child labour, I, 339-341; a cus-
tom, I, 125; division of labour,
II, 81; education, I, 77, 78;
employers shirk responsibility,
II, 316; moulders, II, 50; print-
ing trade, I, 115, 116, 448, 451;
runaway apprentices, I, 114,
115.

Regulation: demands, I, 104, 341,

342; limitation of numbers, II,
82; reformers, I, 595, 596; uni-
form laws, I, 56; II, 83, 238;
324; union, I, 590-595, 613n;
II, 82-84.

Arbeiter Union, Die, organised, II,
223, 225.

Arbeiter Union Publishing Associa-
tion, established, II, 223; paper
under Douai, II, 224.
Arbeiterstimme, policy, II, 274, 278;
ceases publication, II, 281.
Arbeiterstimme des Westens, Wal-
ster editor, II, 278.
Arbeiter-Zeitung,

II,

established,
216; fight for control, II, 221;
discontinued, II, 222.
Arbitration, collective bargaining,
II, 527; compulsory, II, 326;
employers' associations, II, 414,
415; labour, II, 374, 384; cab-

inet-makers, I, 337; Rochester
Congress, II, 165.

Archibald, James P., II, 446, 455.
Armour and Company, form em-
ployers' association, II, 418.
Armstrong, Thomas J., II, 247, 440.
Arthur, P. M., II, 67, 68.
Arthur, President, vetoed Chinese
Exclusion Act, II, 267.

Arthur v. Oakes, decision, II, 508.
Association, advocates, I, 502; con-

66

vention, 1844, I, 503; failure, I,
506; Fourierism, I, 499, 500;
Greeley, I, 500, 501; Industrial
Congresses, I, 550; New Eng-
land Working Men's Associa-
tion, I, 538; phalanxes organ-
ised, I, 505, 506; predecessors,
I, 504; press, I, 501, 502; uni-
tary dwellings, I, 520.

See also, Fourierism.

Association," term for local union,
I, 14.
Association of Working People of

New Castle County, organised,
I, 287; spring election in 1830,
I, 288, 289; end, I, 289, 290.
Athenian Society of Baltimore, I,
92; opens warehouse, I, 94.
Atkinson, James A., at Cleveland
Congress, II, 161.

Auction system, opposition, I, 278,
279, 231n.

Auchmuty, Richard T., on appren-
ticeship, II, 315.

Australia, influence of free land,
I, 4.

Austria, International

Working-
men's Association, II, 215; so-
cialist strife, II, 221.

opens warehouse, I, 94; sales, I,
98.

Banking System, see Financial Sys-
tem.

Bargaining Power, Classes: conflict,

I, 49, 50, 56, 64, 87; harmony,
I, 48, 49; origin, I, 6, 26-29;
solidarity, II, 519, 520; vertical
separation, I, 57.

Collective: arbitration, II, 325,
414-417, 527; benevolent socie-
ties, I, 87; corporations, I, 541,
542; II, 496, 497, 499; employ-
ers' associations, I, 132-134,
403, 404; II, 32, 33; guilds, I,
7, 72, 73; method, I, 121-123;
monopoly, II, 6, 526; pools, II,
359; trade agreements, I, 15,
606, 607; II, 307, 308, 314, 315,
525, 527; trade union, I, 9, 90,
105-107, 113-115, 350, 352-368,
374, 589, 599-607; II, 32, 33,
373, 374, 426; trades' assem-
blies, II, 22-26, 36-39, 310–313.
Conditions: Chinese, II, 141, 146,
148-150; cigar makers and the
mould, II, 71, 72; depression, I,
456, 457; factory system, II, 78,
77; immigration, I, 10, 597,
616; II, 116-118; itinerant to
custom-order stage, I, 34-36;
machinery, I, 491, 492; mar-
kets, extension of, I, 440, 441;
Negro, II, 114; printing trade,
"two-thirders in, I, 448; rail-
ways, II, 6; retail shop to
wholesale-order stage, I, 61,

62.
Government Regulation: bounties,

I, 38; Chinese exclusion act, II,
260, 261, 267, 268; employers
control, II, 498, 499; guilds, I,
46-48; imprisonment for debt,
I, 178-180; legal tender acts,
II, 14, 15; loans and tax em-
emptions, I, 37; manufacturers'
monopoly, I, 40; price and
wage, I, 50-53; protective tar-
iffs, I, 41-44, 75; raw materials,
I, 38; subsidised mechanics,
I, 37; war revenue law, II,

106; method, I, 121-123; price
bargain, I, 29, 70; price-wage
bargain, I, 32, 33; price and
wage regulations, I, 50-52;
puddler, II, 80; quality regula-
tions, I, 48, 49; unskilled, II,
359, 397.
Methods: blacklist, II, 64; boy-
cott, I, 600; closed shop, I,
130-132, 522, 596, 598.
See also, Arbitration; Boycott;
Chinese; Competition; Convict
labour; Women in labour move-
ment; Employers' associations;
Immigration; Industrial con-
gresses; Industrial cycles;
Negro; Strikes; Trade agree-
ments; Wages.

Barondess, Joseph, United Hebrew
Trades, II, 519.

Barr case, injunction, II, 506.
Barry, T. B., II, 366, 373.
Bates, Thomas, socialist, II, 262.
Beaumont, Ralph, II, 242, 244, 491,
493.

Beck, William, ticket exchange, I,
511.

Becker, Johann Philipp, Swiss so-
cialist, II, 207.
Benefits, Conditions: depressions, I,

614; union stability, I, 136,
137; II, 307, 501.
Systems: II, 314; death, I, 124;
sickness, I, 124, 125; strike, I,
122-124, 585; II, 70.
Union: benevolent societies, I,
83-87; cabinet-makers, I, 336;
cigar makers, I, 336; house
painters, I, 608; in sixties, II,
175; locomotive engineers, II,
68.
Benevolent Societies, aggressiveness,
I, 578-580; early, I, 85; incor-
poration, I, 86, 87.

Bennett, James Gordon, industrial
congresses, I, 554, 560.
Berger, Victor, socialist, II, 516.
Be-spoke, term, I, 36.

Bi-Metallic League, American Fed-
eration of Labor, II, 511.
Black International,

tional, Black.

see Interna-

Blacklist, employers' associations,
I, 403; Fall River cotton mills,
II, 362; New York tailors, I,
408; Paterson strike, I, 421;
policy, II, 195; railways, II, 64;

tional Union, organised, II, 486.
Boston, Associated Housewrights, I,
76; bread assize, I, 54, 55;
carpenters, I, 118, 388; II, 158-
162; Columbian Charitable So-
ciety, I, 77; Eight-Hour League,
II, 140; election, II, 142;
Faustus Association, I, 77;
Labor Reform Association, II,
91; Mechanics Institute, I, 78;
New England Working Men's
Convention, I, 537; Prison Dis-
cipline Society, I, 178-180;
shoemakers, I, 36, 45-47, 109;
strikes, I, 388, 478-484; II,
158-162.

Bounties, to encourage manufac-
tures, I, 38, 39.

Bovay, Alvin E., I, 537, 547.
Boycott, Cases: Armour Company,
II, 419; boarding houses, I,
130; brewery workers, II, 488;
Buck's Stove and Range, II,
531; Chinese-made goods, II,
267; Danbury Hatters, II, 530;
Duryea Glen Cove Company, II,
317n; in 1884, 1885, II, 364,
365; New York Tribune, II, 317,
318; Pullman, II, 502; Theiss
boycott, II, 445.

Legal Theory: business is prop-
erty, II, 506.

Union Practice: New York Cen-

tral Labor Union, II, 444;
trades' assemblies, II, 22-25,
311; trades' union, I, 364;
union weapon, I, 600; II, 442.
Boycotter, The, established, II, 317.
Brace Bros. v. Evans, boycott case,
II, 506.

Brandt, Lyman A., II, 319, 321.
Bread Assize, I, 52, 53.
Bricklayers' National Union, and

American Federation of Labor,
II, 522n; established, II, 213;
growth, II, 308, 375; lockout,
II, 423-425.

Brisbane, Albert, I, 17, 497, 498,
499, 500, 505, 525, 538, 544,
547; II, 138.

Brooklyn, labour party, I, 277.
Brownson, Orestes A., I, 260, 494-
496.

Buchanan, Joseph R., II, 299, 300,

367, 368, 408, 409, 416n, 466,

467.

Bücher, Karl, cited, I, 20, 26, 27, 33.
Buffalo, conspiracy case, I, 164, 165;

labour party, II, 277; switch-
men's strike, II, 498.
Building Trades, associations, I,
519-521, 574; early organisa-
tions, I, 67-69; industrial
stages, I, 66; itinerant worker,
I, 67; piece work and contract
work, I, 67; price bargain, I,
70; trades' council, I, 68; II,
312, 515.

See also, Carpenters.
Burlingame Treaty with China, ab-
rogation demanded, II, 238,
250; passed, II, 150; ratified,
II, 265.

Butler, Benjamin F., II, 246, 260,
440, 441.

C

Cabinet-Makers of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania Society of Jour-
neymen, co-operation, I, 467;
organisation, I, 99, 336, 337.
Cabinet-makers, United, Arbeiter
Union, II, 223; convict labour,
I, 155; eight-hour movement,
II, 225; prejudice against I. W.
A., II, 226.

California, anti-Chinese agitation,
II, 146, 149-151, 262; constitu-
tional convention, II, 260, 261;
eight-hour movement, II, 147;
industrial situation in the six-
ties, II, 147; Mechanics' State
Council, II, 148; ten-hour law,
I, 544.

See also, Chinese; Workingmen's
Party of California.

Cameron, A. C., II, 99, 115, 119, 124,
129, 132, 133, 145, 149, 152,
166.

Campbell, Alexander, II, 120, 122,
123, 126.

Campbell, John, I, 516, 595; II, 468.
Capital Punishment, demand for
abolition, I, 299; in New York,
I, 345.
Capitalist

wholesaler, separation
from retailer, I, 7.

Carey, Mathew, I, 73, 354, 356, 415,
416, 447.

Carl, Conrad, II, 207, 216, 221, 225.
Carnegie Brothers and Company,

Homestead strike, II, 495-497.
Carpenters, Organisation: Carpen-
ters' and Joiners' Brotherhood,
II, 313, 326, 376, 377, 388; Car-
penters' Company of Philadel-
phia, I, 68, 78, 80-82, 84, 97;
conventions, I, 453; II, 326;
growth, II, 313, 375; strikes, I,
127, 128, 186-189, 388-397; II,
476; unions, I, 110; II, 20,
477n.
Programme: anarchism, II, 388;
apprenticeship, I, 342; co-opera-
tion, I, 97; hours, II, 377, 476;
trade agreement, I, 608; wages,
I, 582.

Cary, Samuel F., II, 125, 130, 149,
171, 244.

Catholic Church, on co-operation, I,
571; Henry George, II, 453;
Knights of Labor, II, 201, 331;
opposition to, I, 415; II, 456.
See also, McGlynn, Father.
Central bodies, term, I, 15.
Central Labor Federation, New

York, organised, II, 516, 517.
Central labor union, term, I, 15.
Central Labor Union, Chicago: agi-

tation, II, 389; composition, II,
391n; eight-hour day, II, 391;
organisation, II, 387; princi-
ples, II, 388.

New York: activities, II, 441-
443; boycott, II, 444, 445; the
Leader, II, 451; political action,
II, 446; principles, II, 442;
Progressive Democracy, II, 455;
Progressive Labor Party, II,
401; socialism, II, 517.
St. Louis: II, 389n.
Channing, William H., I, 502, 503,
538, 547.

Charleston, bakers, I, 53, 54; Colum-

bian Charitable Society, I, 77.
Chicago, anarchism, II, 209, 298n,

386-393; socialism, II, 279n,
282, 283, 285, 287n; strikes, II,
367n, 419; trade unionism, II,
279; Trade and Labor Assem-
bly, II, 327, 331.

See also Central Labor Union; In-
ternational, Black.
Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung, II, 282;
unemployed, II, 389.

Chicagoer Volkszeitung, Lassallean
organ, II, 272.

Child Labour, Conditions: appren-

ticeship, I, 339-341; education,
I, 182, 183; hours, I, 174, 175,
542; factories, I, 320, 321, 331,
428, 432; textile industry, I,
172, 173.

Laws: demanded by Greenback
Party, II, 251; demanded by
Illinois Labor Party, II, 228;
by Knights of Labor, II, 336;
by New England Association of
Farmers, Mechanics, and Other
Workingmen, I, 318; in Penn-
sylvania, I, 331; limitation on
hours, I, 542-544; Pittsburgh
convention, 1881, II, 324.
Chinese, Burlingame treaty, II, 150;

California agitation, II, 252-
268; congressional investiga-
tion, II, 265; Crispins, II, 141;
Federal Exclusion Act, II, 151,
252, 267, 268; immigration, II,
266, 328;
National Labor
Union, II, 149, 150; Rochester
Congress, II, 165; strike break-
ism, II, 146, 149; trade unionism,
II, 158; unemployment, II, 148.
Cigar Makers' Union, International,
Activities: apprenticeship, I,
593; II, 84; benefits, II, 71, 73,
175n, 377; boycotts, II, 366;
conspiracy case, Kingston, II,
70; strikes, II, 70-74, 177, 178,
307, 363; war revenue law, II,
68, 69; women, II, 363.
Organisation: conventions, I, 621;
II, 69, 72, 73, 321, 326; estab-
lished, II, 313; federation, II,
402; government, II,
314;
growth, II, 47, 70, 176, 308,
313, 473; reorganised, II, 45,
306; split, II, 399, 400, 412.
See also, Gompers, Samuel.
Cigar Makers' Union, Progressive,
formed, II, 400; joins District
Assembly 49, II, 401; labour
legislation, II, 387; unites with
International Union, II, 412.
Cincinnati, co-operative marketing,
I, 96, 99; National Labor
Union, Congress, II, 209; so-
cialism, II, 273, 277, 282; tail-
ors organise, I, 352.

Citizens' Alliance, organised, II,
493; Cincinnati convention,
1891, II, 494.

Citizens' Protective Union, San
Francisco, II, 263.
Citizenship, education, I, 181-184,

223-229, 283; Mechanics' Union
of Trade Associations, I, 190,
299, 300; progress, I, 331, 332;
representation, I, 232, 233;
suffrage, I, 175-178; theories,
I, 13, 14, 170-172, 300-303, 324,
382-385.

Civil War, depression, II, 9, 10;
labour, I, 4; II, 10-12; unions,
II, 13.

Claflin, Tennessee, suffragist, II,
211.

Class Antagonism, Indications:

Chartist clubs, I, 564, 565; city
industrial congresses, I, 544;
education, I, 323; hatred, II,
373; politics, I, 234, 292, 304,
305.

Theories: I, 120; Brisbane, I,
499; Evans, I, 525; origin, I,
26-29; Owen, I, 525; price bar-
gain, I, 29; versus race strug.
gle, II, 253-268; Weitling, I,

513.

Clayton Act, II, 532.

Cleveland, Grover, election, II, 318;
sends troops in Pullman strike,
II, 503.
Closed shop, Carpenters' Company
of Philadelphia, I, 81; Common-
wealth v. Hunt decision, I, 412;
employers' associations, I, 404;
immigrants excluded, I, 10;
theory, I, 130-132; unions, II,
479n.

Collins, John A., I, 504; II, 157.
Colman, Reverend Henry, I, 321,
323, 324.

Colorado, Greenbackism, II, 248.
Commerford, John, I, 263n, 429, 434,
531.

Commission stores, development, I,

100; inadequacy, I, 101; pri-
vate, I, 94.
Common law, conspiracy cases, I,
139, 143; opinions, I, 147, 148.
Commonwealth v. Carlisle, conspir-
acy case, I, 163.

Commonwealth v. Hunt, conspiracy
case, II, 504.

Communist Club, International, II,
206, 207; Social Party, II, 208,
209.
Communist Manifesto, and Commu-
nist Club, II, 207.

Competition, Conditions: control, I,
57-61, 68; cut-throat, II, 359;
equalised, I, 112; evils, I, 45,
46; immigration, I, 9, 10; inter-
national labour, II, 86; machin-
ery, I, 491; markets, extension
of, I, 41, 440, 441; II, 5, 6, 44,
148; mechanics, II, 358; mer-
chant-capitalist system, I, 102,
104, 339; monopoly, I, 219;
pools, II, 360; shoe industry, II,
76, 77; wage, I, 621.
Kinds: Chinese, II, 149, 264, 265;
convict labour, I, 155, 443, 492;
foreign, I, 72, 154; inferior
workers, I, 114; Negro, II, 113.
Opinions: Andrews, S. P., I, 518;
Brisbane, I, 499; Greeley, I,

548.

Connecticut, greenbackism, II, 245;
hours of labour, I, 543; II, 108;
price regulation, I, 50; unions,
II, 19; wage regulation, I, 51.
Conservation, natural resources, I,
4; raw materials, I, 39.
See also, Land Policy.
Conspiracy, Administrative Prob-
lems: commercial appeals, I,
149-152; employers aided, II,
503; judges antagonistic to
labour, I, 152; jurors, occupa-
tions of, I, 147; political issues,
I, 146-149; power, II, 473.
Cases: Arthur v. Oakes, II, 507;
Baltimore weavers, I, 419;
Barr, II, 506; Brace Brothers
v. Evans, II, 506; Buck's Stove
and Range, II, 531; Buffalo
tailors, I, 164, 165; Common-
wealth v. Carlisle, I, 163; Com-
monwealth v. Hunt, I, 411, 412;
II, 504; cordwainers, I, 138-
146; Danbury hatters, II, 530;
Debs, II, 502, 503, 508; Gaul,
II, 123; Geneva shoemakers, I,
406, 407; in 1829-1842, I, 405;
in 1835, I, 372, 373; in 1853-
1854, I, 611, 612; in 1859, I,
612; Kingston, II, 70; Lennon,
II, 508; New York hatters', I,
164; New York tailors', I, 337,
408; Siney and Parks, II, 180,
181n; Thompsonville, I, 313,
314; Walker v. Cronin, II, 506;
weavers, I, 314n.
Judicial Theory: business is prop-

erty, II, 505, 506; combination
to improve conditions, I, 140,