If labour history still remains a field practically untilled by the general historian, important beginnings have already been made by the economists. Dr. Richard T. Ely's Labor Movement in America (Baltimore, 1886) gives a valuable sketch of the events of the labour movement prior to 1886, the first ever attempted. The justly deserved reputation of his book rests on this and, to a still greater extent, on the attitude of the author towards his subject. This attitude, namely a strictly objective point of view, combined with broad sympathies for the labouring class struggling for recognition in a democracy, was entirely novel in America when Dr. Ely published his book, but it has since been adopted by a majority of American economic writers.

Of great value is also the work by August Sartorius Freih. v. Waltershausen, a trained German economist who travelled in the United States during 1880 and 1881, Die nordamerikanischen Gewerkschaften unter dem Einfluss der fortschrei tenden Productionstechnik (Berlin, 1886).

F. A. Sorge, the foremost leader of the International Workingmen's Association in America, deserves well of the student of labour history. Although he had for several decades himself taken a leading part in the American labour movement, his historical work leaves little to be desired as far as objectiveness is concerned. He published a series of articles on American labour history, 1850-1896, in the Neue Zeit (Stuttgart) between 1890 and 1895.

George E. McNeill's The Labor Movement - The Problem of To-day (Boston and New York, 1887) contains an account of the history of the labour movement as a whole from early times to 1886, separate accounts of the histories of a number of trades, and a semi-historical, semi-expository treatment of the following labour problems: labour legislation, co-operation, arbitration, Chinese immigration, industrial education, the land question, and unemployment.

The bibliographies in the following pages include only publications which have been actually cited in the text of the several parts of these volumes. Besides these citations a very large number of papers and pamphlets had been examined but no citation is actually made to them. A complete bibliography

of the periods covered in these volumes would constitute a goodsized volume in itself.

PART I. COLONIAL AND FEDERAL BEGINNINGS TO 1827

Most of the primary and secondary sources upon which the description and analysis of Colonial industrial conditions and policies is based and which require critical treatment have been reviewed either in the bibliographies of Johnson's History of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in the United States, or Clark's History of Manufactures in the United States. Evidently an attempt to appraise them here would be but repetition.

However, several classes of sources have thus far received scant consideration. Such are the semi-official documents like city annals, of which Munsell's Annals of Albany is an illustration, and descriptive manuals, like Mease's The Picture of Philadelphia, which contain authentic records of significant local events, as well as descriptions of the numerous organised activities of the inhabitants. Similarly, advertisements in city directories are especially useful for the study of commercial phases of economic life.

Extensive search, but with limited success, was also made for proceedings and other official records of economic organisations. Among those discovered were The Annals of the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York, and the Ordinances, By-Laws and Resolutions of the Carpenters' Company. The rules, correspondence with kindred societies, and other items contained in these documents, often made it possible better to comprehend complex economic situations, as well as to gauge the extent to which these associations co-operated in furthering matters vital to their exist

ence.

There is also lacking the systematic publication of private records, such as business accounts and correspondence, similar to those contained in U. B. Phillips' Plantation and Frontier mentioned above.

Of what might be termed semi-documentary sources, local histories are, of course, most useful. Appreciative historic

sketches of early industrial organisations also belong to this class of sources. However, only one, Bett's Carpenters' Hall and its Historic Memories, has been found.

It is from sources such as enumerated above that the most instructive material for Colonial economic history must be derived. Without them the economic historian must rely solely upon his imagination in his endeavour to picture and interpret many of the controlling forces of Colonial economic life.

Unfortunately, with the exception of local histories and city directories, these sources have not been collected extensively. A large part of them are probably extant in manuscript form, and in the possession of persons who do not appreciate their historical significance. A properly directed search should yield as bountiful a harvest as did the searches of the American Bureau of Industrial Research in allied fields.

Since this is the dormant period in American labour history and only two trades had continuous organisations, trade union sources are naturally few. By way of secondary accounts chronicling the activities of wage earners in general, we have the essentially sketchy but fruitful account in McMaster's History of the People of the United States; Ethelbert Stewart's article on Two Forgotten Decades in the History of Labor Organisations, 1820-1840; and Glocker's Trade Unionism in Baltimore Before the War of 1812, a Johns Hopkins University Seminary Report. Each of these has been of unusual help in shedding light on the extent and nature of early unions. They have also rendered yeoman service by furnishing clues to newspaper sources which invariably contained valuable accounts of important labour activities. McMaster's history was especially helpful for this purpose. Without the aid of this pioneer work many of the early labour organisations would probably not have been located.

We also have secondary accounts of one of the two trades that had reached the stage of continuous organisation. The Printers' Circular reproduced "A Historical Sketch of the Philadelphia Typographical Society, 1802-1811," written by contemporary members, and following the method common to untrained historical writers. Professor Geo. E. Barnett's scholarly history of "The Printers" is the other secondary

source, and, being accepted as the final work on the history of that trade, needs no evaluation here.

For the printers the primary sources are plentiful. Fortunately Professor Barnett had the minutes of the Philadelphia Typographical Society, 1802-1811, and of the New York Typographical Society, 1809-1818, typewritten and a copy deposited with the Johns Hopkins University Library, thus making them available to all students. Ethelbert Stewart's A Documentary History of the Early Organisations of Printers, and George A. Stevens' work on New York Typographical Union No. 6, are conscientious compilations of documents illuminatingly explained, illustrating both the formal and human phases of the early printers' organisations.

Unfortunately none of the official trade union records of the cordwainers could be located. If it were not for the testimony in the conspiracy cases, reprinted in volumes III and IV of the Documentary History of American Industrial Society, we should entirely lack a comprehensive record of their activities. However, this voluminous testimony amply depicts the nature of their grievances, demands, policies, and point of view.

Unlike the succeeding periods, this dormant period in the history of American labour naturally has no trade union organs. Nevertheless, the scattered newspaper accounts, especially those of the Jeffersonian press; the controversial testimony, vitriolic arguments of attorneys and vindictive instructions of judges; the "spicy" minutes of the printers - all these sources when brought together give us a vivid and realistic picture of the prevailing spirit of that time which witnessed the uprising of a new, virile and constantly ascending class.

I. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS.

J. Munsell. The Annals of Albany (Albany, 1852), III.
Boston Directory of 1823.

An Act to condense all the Ordinances, By-Laws, and Resolutions of the Carpenters Corporation, now in force into one law (1807). Copy in Wisconsin Historical Society Collection, Philadelphia Miscellaneous Pamphlets, VI.

An Act to Incorporate the Carpenters Company of the City and County of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1827). Copy in Wis

consin Historical Society Collection, Philadelphia Miscellaneous Pamphlets, VI. The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut, from 1636-1665 (Hartford, 1850); 1665-1678 (1852); 1744-1750 (1876). Archives of Maryland, Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly of Maryland (Baltimore, 1883), I, II, III, V, VII, XVII, XIX, XXVI, ΧΧΙΧ.

Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Boston, 1815). Private and Special Statutes of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1822-1830 (Boston, 1837).

The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, with supplements 1660-1672 (Boston, 1889).

Acts and Resolves of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1869), I, III.

Records of the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England (Boston, 1853), Vol. I, II, III, IV, V.

Laws of New Hampshire, Province Period, 1702-1745 (Concord, 1913), II.

Records of the Colony or Jurisdiction of New Haven, 1653–1665 (Hartford, 1858).

Stevens, George A. New York Typographical Union No. 6, in Bureau of Labor Statistics, Annual Report, 1911, of the New York State Department of Labor.

Minutes of the Common Council of the City of New York (Vol. I, New York, 1905).

Colonial Laws of New York (Vols. I and V, Albany, 1894). Laws of the State of New York Passed at the Twenty-eighth Session of the Legislature (Albany, 1805).

Private Laws of the State of New York (Albany, 1808).

Colonial Records of North Carolina (Vols. VII, VIII, XV, XVII, Raleigh, 1890).

Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1824).

Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania (Vols. II, III, XII, XIII, Harrisburg, 1908).

Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

in New England (Vols. IV, VIII, and IX, Providence, 1859). Stewart, Ethelbert. A Documentary History of the Early Organizations of Printers, in Bureau of Labor Bulletin, No. 61 (Washington, 1905).

United States Commissioner of Labor, Report on Strikes and Lockouts (Washington, 1887).

Acts Passed at a General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Richmond, 1811).

The Statutes at Large; being a collection of all the Laws of Virginia (Vols. I, II, and VI, ed. by Wm. H. Hening, New York, 1823).