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certain flat creek bottoms such as Palarm Bayou, East Cadron Creek and Bayou Meto. These clays have the major portion of iron removed by the leaching action of water on them. They are available for the manufacture of rough pottery.

Franklin County, the disintegrated shales of Franklin County which are high in strong, dark red residual clays have been used for the manufacture of rough pottery and earthenware. These clays are rather widely distributed and occur in considerable quantities. They have not been specifically mapped.

Garland County, residual clays from Paleozoic shales at Hot Springs and on Cedar Mountain formerly used for pottery.

Grant County, pottery clays have not been located in the Tertiary beds of Grant County, although they probably are present there.

Greene County, Tertiary clays on Crowley's Ridge at Gainesville, formerly used.

Hempstead County, pottery clays have been successfully worked in the Tertiary beds in the southern end of Hempstead County. The clay is found in patches irregularly distributed. At Spring Hill, Tertiary clays were used for jug ware, etc.

Hot Spring County, the Tertiary beds of eastern Hot Spring County contain an abundance of pottery clay. These are scattered and are most easily encountered along the ravines which cut down through the horizontal bedding and expose their cross sections. Bed at Perla switch, near Malvern, burns light cream colored common pottery.

Independence County, residual clays from Moorefield shale and Boone limestone near Sulphur Rock and Newark, formerly used.

Jefferson County, pottery clays have been noticed among the Tertiary beds exposed along the Arkansas River, particularly at White Bluff in the western part of Jefferson County.

Johnson County, soft shale sagger clay in Felker mine, Coal Hill.
Lafayette County, leached pottery clays along Red River.
Logan County, Pennsylvanian clay abundant.

Miller County, Tertiary clays used at Texarkana for jugs, churns and jars; burns solid cream color.

Montgomery County, alluvial clay along Ouachita River used for stonewear near Story.

Nevada County, the central and southern parts of Nevada County should yield Tertiary clays, although they have not yet been mapped.

Ouachita County is well supplied with deposits of pottery clay. These are widely distributed through the Tertiary beds and are abundant along the Ouachita Valley.

Pulaski County, red and yellow surface clay used for making flower pots.

Saline County, Tertiary clays used for jugs, crocks, jars, art pottery, and other clay ware at Benton; burns solid cream color.

Sebastian County, pottery clays have been located in Sebastian County near the north base of White Oak Ridge. They are formed by the decomposition of the shales in that region. These clays are only available for rough pottery.

Union County, considerable quantities of pottery clay exist in Union County. The Tertiary clays are widely distributed and are best exposed along creek banks and ravines. The clays of this county have not been mapped.

Yell County, Carboniferous shale formerly used in the southeast quarter of Section 12, Township 6 north, Range 21 west. Rough pottery has been made from the Pennsylvanian clay in the vicinity of Dardanelle. Such clay would probably not be suitable for the manufacture of fine pottery.

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Bibliography of Clays of Arkansas

1891

Eakins, L. G., “Analysis of Kaolin from Garland County, Arkansas." -U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin No. 78, pp. 12-13. Out of print, but may be consulted in public libraries.

1906

Eckel, Edwin C., "The Clays of Garland County, Arkansas.”—U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 285, 1908. Now out of print, but may be consulted in public libraries.

1908

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Branner, J. C., "The Clays of Arkansas."-U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 351, 1908. Now out of print, but may be consulted in public libraries.

1915

Steiger, George, "Analyses of Clays from the Hot Springs District, Arkansas."-U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 591; also Bulletin No. 419. Both may be obtained from the U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., 591 for 40c and No. 419 for 25c.

1922

Ries, Herwich, "High Grade Clays of the Eastern United States," with notes on some western clays.-U. S. Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 708. Obtainable from the U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., for 60c.

1926

Branner, Geo. C., "Abundant Variety of Clays in Arkansas, with Gas, Oil and Coal Available."-January 28, 1926, issue of Manufacturers' Record. Obtainable from Manufacturers Record, Baltimore, Md.; single copy, 20c.

COAL (Including Lignite)

The Arkansas coal fields are made up of the bituminous and semi-anthracite fields of the western Arkansas River Valley and of the lignite areas of the southern Coastal Plain. The lignites of southern Arkansas have, up to the present time, been developed only to a small extent and will be discussed later.

The western Arkansas coal was formed during the early Pennsylvanian portion of the Carboniferous era from vegetable matter which grew in the dense swamps of that time. This vegetable matter fell into water and was preserved from decay and eventually changed to peat. This was covered by some impervious material,

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Spadra Creek Coal Company's Need more Mine, Spadra, Johnson County

probably mud or clay, and the land slowly submerged until the original bed was deeply buried. While covered this way the peat probably changed to lignite and eventually into harder coal while the sands and clays which covered it slowly changed into sandstones and shales.

The coal lands of western Arkansas are concentrated in a rather narrow belt along the western end of the regional syncline between the Ozark and Ouachita Mountain regions. The Arkansas field is an eastern extension of the Oklahoma field with which it is usually designated as a portion of the western interior coal field of the United States. The productive coal measure beds are distributed principally

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See List of Mines, Corresponding With Numbers on this Map, on Pages 115, 116 and 117

along the major synclinal trough which extends eastward from Fort Smith through Crawford, Sebastian, Franklin, Johnson, and Logan counties to the vicinity of Russellville, Pope county, a distance of about seventy-five miles. This area is about twenty miles wide and decreases in width toward the eastern end. The remainder of the developed coal field extends south of Fort Smith into southern Sebastian and northern Scott counties. In addition, coal is found in other relatively small areas in the Arkansas River Valley region north of the Ouachita Mountains. These areas are, however, usually widely separated and occupy the topographically prominent points of the Arkansas Valley, such as Magazine Mountain, Petit Jean Mountain, and Mount Nebo, and do not constitute any important part of the coal lands of the State.

The area of workable coal lands within the State is estimated at between 300 and 350 square miles and the total area covered by coal measure beds at about 1,620 square miles.

General Geology

The coal-bearing formations of Arkansas are confined to the lower part of the Pennsylvanian series of beds which in Oklahoma is usually classified as the McAlester shale. This formation has, in Arkansas, been divided* into the Spadra shale, the Fort Smith formation, and the Paris shale. These three formations make up a total thickness of about 1,700 feet and are underlaid by the Pennsylvanian Hartshorne sandstone and Atoka shale which together have a thickness varying from 1,800 to 6,000 feet or more. The Atoka shale carries some coal, but the seams are usually only a few inches thick and coal mined from them is consumed locally.

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As in Oklahoma, by far the larger coal production of Arkansas has come from the top of the Hartshorne sandstone and is known as Hartshorne coal. This probably makes up 99 per cent of the Arkansas output. The upper portion of the Fort Smith formation has been mined for coal near Charleston, Franklin county, and produces "Charleston" coal, and the middle of the Paris formation is mined near Paris, Logan county, and produces "Paris" coal.

*U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 326, "The Arkansas Coal Field," by A. J. Collier.

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