ANIMALS, FRUITS, ETC., THAT ARE NATIVE IN EUROPE. Birds.-Bee-eater; crow; cuckoo; dove; duck; eider duck; flamingo; gray eagle; goldfinch; goose; guinea-fowl; hawk; hen; jackdaw; lark; magpie; nightingale; owl; partridge; pheasant; pelican; pigeon; raven; red grouse; sparrow; spoonbill; swallow; swan; thrush; turkey; vulture. Fruits and Vegetables.-Apple; cabbage; cherry; chestnut; lemon; lettuce; peach; pear; plum; turnip. Minerals, etc.-Alum; antimony; bismuth: coal; cobalt; copper; gold; iron; lead; manganese; mercury; salt; silver; sulphur; tin; zinc. Quadrupeds.-Antelope; ass; anroch; badger; beaver; boar; brown bear; buffalo; camel; cat; chamois; deer, (fallow, red and rein); dog; elk; fox; hare; ibex: lynx; monkey: polar bear; porcupine; rat; rabbit: roebuck; saiga; seal; stag; turtle; wild bull and cow; wild sheep; wolf. Reptiles.-Few, if any, venomous serpents; a few harmless snakes; leeches; lizards; toads; frogs. Trees.-Apple; beech; birch; cherry; chestnut: date-palm; elm; fir; lemon; lime; oak; pear; pine; plum. Inhabitants.-The inhabitants of Europe comprise a very great number of nationalities, including Greeks, in Greece; Italians, in Italy; Swiss in Switzerland; Tyroleans in Tyrol; French in France; Spaniards in Spain; Portuguese in Portugal; Roumanians in Roumania; Germans in Germany; Hollanders (or Dutch), in Holland, or the Netherlands; Flemish in Flanders; Danes in Denmark; Norwegians in Norway; Swedes in Sweden: Icelanders in Iceland; English in England; Welsh in Wales; Russians in Russia; Poles in Poland: Werds in Saxony or Rhenish Prussia; Czechs or Slovaks in Bohemia and Moravia; Seràs, in Servia; Croats in Croatia; Slavons in Slavonia; Dalmatians in Dalmatia; Bosnians in Bosnia; Herzegovinians in Herzegovina; Motenegrins in Montenegro; Bulgarians in Bulgaria; Lithuanians in Lithuania; Georgians in Georgia; Armenians in Armenia; Albanians in Albania; Basques in Biscay; Moors in Barbary; Maltese in the Island of Malta; Finns in Finland: Esthonians in Esthonia, Russia; Lapps in Lapland; Magyars in Hungary; Turks in the Ottoman Empire; mixed tribes of Tartars in Tartary, and Turks in Turkey; and many others. Boundaries.-Europe is bounded on the North by the Arctic Ocean; on the East by the Caspian Sea and Asia; on the South by the Mediterranean Sea and Africa; and on the West by the Atlantic Ocean. It is one-third as large as Asia, or America, and one-fifth as large as Africa. ANIMALS, FRUITS, ETC., THAT ARE NATIVE IN SOUTH AMERICA. Minerals, etc.-Alum; borax; coal; copper; diamonds; epsom salts; glauber salts; gold; guano; gypsum; iron; lead; limestone; mineral pitch; nitre; platina; rock-salt; sulphur; tin; topaz. Quadrupeds.-Agouti; alpaca, (sheep); ant-eater; armadillo; badger; bear; biscatcha; capybara; carpincho; chinchilla; deer; elk; ferret; fox; glutton; guanaco; jaguar; Ilama; monkey, (marmosets, howlers, sapajous); neutra; ocelot; peccary; puma, (or cougar); rabbit; river-hog; seal; sea-lion; sea-elephant; sloth; tapir; tiger-cat; tocutoca; vicuna; wildcat; wild-hog; wolf; zarata; zorrino. Reptiles.-Alligator; anaconda, (or boaconstrictor); baba; bat; cayman; centipede; corral-snake; electric eel, (or torpedo); lizards; macourel-snake; rattlesnake; tri gonocephalis-snake; vampire. Trees.-Algarroba; aloe; apple; brazilwood; breadfruit tree; cavella de clava; castor-tree; cedar; cinchona; cocoa; copaiba; copal; cotton-tree; ebony; fig; indiarubber; leaved cactus; logwood; mahogany; misosa; mulberry; olive; orange; palm; peach; pine; rosewood; satinwood; vegetable-silk tree. Inhabitants.-The aborigines of Peru were Indians, known as Incas and Aymaras, and of these some wandering tribes remain savages. The population comprises white descendants of Spanish immigrants, Chinese, Indians, negroes and mixed races. The republic of Columbia was captured from the native Indians in 1836 by Spaniards, and held by them until 1819, when allegiance to Spain was severed. The Spaniards also settled in Venezuela among the native Indians in 1520, but in 1811 independence from Spain was declared. Ecuador was owned and controlled by native Indians for centuries; in 1532 it was captured by Pizarro, and for 275 years was subject to Spain, but revolted in 1820. The population of Bolivia is composed of civilized native Indians, wild Indians, whites of Spanish descent, and mixed races. The aborigines of Brazil were savage Indians. It became subject to Portugal in 1549, was settled by Portuguese, and became an independent empire in 1822. The present population consists of Negroes, Indians, mixed races, creoles and white persons of European descent. Native Peruvians originally ruled in Chili, but it became subject to Spain about 1540. The present inhabitants are of Spanish and native descent. The Argentine Repub. lic, then inhabited by native Indians, was settled by Spaniards in 1535, since which time the country and government have passed through many changes. The population consists of Italians, Bisques, French, Spaniards, English, Scotch, Irish, Germans, etc. The inhabitants of Uruguay comprise Africans, Portuguese, English, Germans, Argentines, Brazilians, French, Spaniards, Basques, and Italians. In Paraguay the population is chiefly Indians, with mixed races (SpanishIndians), Africans, Germans, Swiss, Dutch, English, Italians and Australians. Pata gonia is principally peopled with savages, and has been but slightly explored. DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES, By Shortest Established Railroad and Water Passage. Des Moines, Iowa..1,174 Detroit, Mich.. .558 Bloomington, Ill... 819 Canandaigua, N. Y. .324 .81 Burlington, Iowa.1,225 Baltimore, Md.....588 Bloomington, Ill....307 Bloomington, Ind... 163 Boston, Mass.. .991 Buffalo, N. Y.. .444 Burlington, Iowa...447 Cairo, Ill..... 399 Cheyenne, Wy. T..1,869 Charleston, S. C...1,109 Charleston, S. C.....918 Chicago, Ill... 267 Chattanooga, Tenn. 137 Cincinnati, O.... 853 ..560 Chatham, Mass.....177 Circleville, O........104 Chicago, Ill... Cincinnati, O.. 512 Cleveland, O.. .1.020 Columbia, S. C......974 Columbus, O........871 Columbus, Ind.. ....94 Concord, N. H.. Columbus, O...... 120 75 Denver, Colo.....2,033 Concord, N. H.....1,018 Crestline, 0.........183 Cincinnati, 0. 325 Erie, Pa... 401 Duluth, Minn.. .1,666 Cleveland, O. .583 E. B'dg'wat'r, Mass. .27 Fort Edward, N. Y...54 Hoosac Falls, Mass...32 Louisville, Ky..... .861 Lowell, Mass... .227 Memphis, Tenn...1,302 Sacramento, Cal..3,077 Concord, N. H.....1,316 ..59 Harrisburg, Pa... 886 .718 ......6 84 Fargo, D. T.......1.598 471 Lyons, Iowa...... .990 103 .990 316 Mackinac, Mich.....801 Madison, Wis.. .495 759 .1,350 Racine, Wis........915 760 Springfield, Mass....326 970 Tallahassee, Fla..1,060 527 Troy, N. Y. Stockton, Cal.....2,918 ..231 Washington, D. C...39 Mattapan, Mass... Binghamton, N. Y1,089 .918 Canandaigua, N. Y1.251 .293 Cleveland, O.. ..357 Columbia, S. C... ..837 Arapahoe, Col..... Augusta, Me.......2,302 Baltimore, Md...1,965 Bierstadt, Col........78 Bloomington, Ill..1,154 Boston, Mass.. ..2,033 Buffalo, N. Y... ..1,655 Burlington, Iowa...900 Burlington, Vt. 2.295 Cairo, Ill.... .1,200 Canon City, Col.....161 Cameron, Col.. Cape May, N. J....2,017 Castle Rock. Col.....33 Charleston, S. C...2,216 Cheyenne, Kan.... .106 Chicago, Ill... ...1,113 Cincinnati, O ....1.255 Cleveland. O......1,469 Colo. Springs, Col....91 Concord, N. H. .2.196 Detroit, Mich ...1,397 ....450 Alton, Ill.. .1,930 1,023 186 Albion, Mich. ..96 Albuquerque, N. M.1,675 Ann Arbor, Mich. .38 augusta, Ga.. ..966 Aurora, Ill. .322 Aurora, Ill... Austin, Tex.. Baltimore, Md. Bangor, Me... .1,263 Boston, Mass. .1,020 Battle Creek, Mich .121 Bay City, Mich......110 Bloomington, Ill....383 Buffalo, N. Y. ...542 Burlington, Vt....1.182 Cairo, Ill. .365 .48 Burlington, Iowa...491 Charleston, S. C...1,103 Chattanooga, Tenn.687 Cape May, N. J Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States. ---Continued. Baltimore, Md.. ...19 From Hartford, Conn., to Albany, N. Y. 190 Alexandria, Va......347 Andover, Conn. Annapolis, Md. Atlanta, Ga... ....1,062 Auburn, N. Y.. Augusta, Ga... .947 Baton Rouge, La....743 Augusta, Me. 178 Bedford, Ind... .71 469 Cincinnati, O... 107 Buffalo, N. Y. 532 Cheyenne, Wy. T..1,017 Cincinnati, O. Burlington, Vt....1,172 Cheyenne, Wy. T..1,301 Cloverdale, Ind....126 Cairo, Ill... Chicago, Ill.........280 Columbus, Ky.. Columbus, O.. ..257 Concord, N. H.....1,202 Crawfordsville, Ind. 170 Cumberland, Tenn..198 Danville, Ky. 350 Dayton, O... Decatur, Ill.. ..95 .197 295 140 ..212 Indianapolis, Ind...193 245 1,284 .85 Leadville, Col.. Leavenworth, Kan..589 Lincoln, Neb.. ...552 Long Branch, N. J..901 Madison, Wis......138 Marquette, Mich....390 Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn..420 Mobile, Ala.........845 Montreal, Can.......844 Nashville, Tenn....482 New Haven, Conn...915 New Orleans, La... 915 Newport, R. I.....1,060 New York, N. Y.....912 Niagara Falls, N. Y.513 Oil City, Pa.. Eagle Park, Col....294 Erie, Pa..... 1,565 Fort Harker, Kan..420 .1.302 .1.418 .64 Fort Kearney, Neb..966 Geneva Lake, Wis..369 Grand Haven, Mich. 189 Grand Rapids, Mich. 158 Grass Lake, Mich....65 Green Bay, Wis. .369 Hamilton, Can.....186 Hannibal, Mo........613 Hartford, Conn. .727 Helena, Mont......1,723 Hillsdale, Mich.......61 Howell, Mich. .52 Hudson, N. Y. .562 600 Omaha, Neb. 497 Paterson, N. J.. .883 Richmond, Va.....2.008 .58 Long Branch, N. J..617 Mackinac City, M'h. 290 Madison, Wis...... ,370 Marshall, Mich. .108 Michigan City, Ind..228 Milwaukee, Wis.....274 Minneapolis, Minn..704 Mt. Clemens, Mich...25 Monroe, Mich. .35 560 207 Montreal, Can. Muskegon, Mich.. Nebraska City, Neb.782 New Haven, Conn...628 Newport, R. I... ....776 New York, N. Y.....628 Niagara Falls, N. Y.229 Niles, Mich. .191 120 Sacramento. Cal..2,544 St. Paul, Minn.......598 Salt Lake City, U'h.1,850 San Francisco, Cal.2,695 Santa Fe, N. M.....1,626 Sarnia, Can.... 49 Three Rivers, Mich. 145 Toledo, O 60 Toronto, Can. 147 Waukesha, Wis....295 Wayne, Mich.........18 Winnipeg, Man...1,139 Yankton, D. T.... .887 Ypsilanti, Mich.......30 Burlington, Iowa. 1,218 .596 Elmira, N. Y........385 Erie, Pa... Fall River, Mass....150 Fargo, D. T.. 1.756 Fort Kearney, Neb. 1,693 Fort Scott, Kan...1,594 Fredericksburg, Va.409 Freeport, III.......1,130 Galesburg, Ill.....1.175 Galveston, Tex....2.010 Gettysburgh, Pa....339 Grand Rapids, Mich.885 Haddam, Conn......26 Harrisburg, Pa......292 Indianapolis, Ind...922 Jackson, Miss.....1.429 Jefferson City, Mo. 1.320 Kansas City, Mo..1.500 Keokuk, Iowa.....1,260 Lansing, Mich......835 Leadville, Col...........2.296 Leav'nworth, Kan. 1,600 Lexington, Ky. .954 Lincoln, Neb......1,563 London, Can..... .617 Long Branch, N. J..138 Louisville, Ky.......962 Mackinac, Mich..1.017 Macon, Ga..... ..1.165 Madison, Wis......1,017 Memphis, Tenn....1.269 Milwaukee, Wis...1.001 Mobile, Ala.... ...1.432 Montgomery, Ala.1.237 Muscatine, Iowa..1,231 New Britain, Conn..10 Newburgh, N. Y.....112 New Haven, Conn....36 New Orleans, La..1,612 Newport, R. I.......125 New York, N. Y.....110 Niagara Falls, N. Y.498 Omaha, Neb.......1,508 Portland, Ore....4,064 Providence, R. I......90 Raleigh, N. C.......647 Richmond, Va.. ..468 St. Louis, Mo... ..1,208 St. Paul, Minn.....1.421 Salt Lake City, U’h.2,577 Salisbury, Conn......62 S. Francisco, Cal...3,420 Savannah, Ga.......987 Springfield, Mass.....31 Washington, D. C..340 Waterbury, Conn....33 Wethersfield, Conn....4 Wilmington. N. C...716 Winnipeg, Man...1,856 Winsted, Conn. Yankton, D. T....1,614 Lynchburg, Va.. Macon, Ga... Mammoth Cave, Ky..93 Marquette, Mich.....686 Memphis, Tenn......377 Meridian, Miss.. Michigan City, Ind..288 Milwaukee, Wis.....381 Mitchell, Ind. Mobile, Ala..... Montgomery, Ala...490 Nashville, Tenn. 184 New Orleans, La....754 New York, N. Y.....852 Niagara Falls, N. Y. 583 Omaha, Neb..... Ogden, Utah......1,828 Paris, Ky.. Peoria, I... Philadelphia, Pa....776 Pittsburgh, Pa.. 420 Portland, Me.. Racine, Wis.. 796 .113 .319 Duluth, Minn........480 Elgin, Ill............121 Erie, Pa.... Escanaba, Mich.....243 Fargo, D. T... ....578 Fond du Lac, Wis....95 Freeport, Ill..... .103 Grand Haven, Mich..85 Grand Rapids, Mich. 116 Green Bay, Wis.....126 Hancock, Mich..... 86 Indianapolis. Ind... 278 Ishpeming, Mich....308 Jacksonville, Ill....301 Janesville, Wis.. Joliet, Ill.... Kalamazoo, Mich..156 Kansas City, Mo....574 Kenosha, Wis....... 34 La Crosse, Wis.....195 Long Branch, N. J..891 Madison, Wis........96 Manitowoc, Wis......77 Menasha, Wis.........99 Menomonee. Wis....181 Michigan City, Ind..143 Montreal, Can.......834 Muskegon, Mich......97 New Haven, Conn..902 New Orleans, La... 998 Newport, R. I..............1,050 New York, N. Y.....902 Neenah, Wis. 130 Niagara Falls, N. Y. 503 Oconomowoc, Wis...31 Oconto, Wis..... .157 Ogden, Utah....... 1,600 Omaha, Neb..... .421 Vicksburg, Miss....838 Washington, D. C..898 Watertown, Wis.....44 Waukesha, Wis......21 Waupaca, Wis... 130 Whitewater, Wis.....51 Winnipeg. Man.....865 Winona, Minn. 221 Yankton, D. T......613 Distances from Principal Cities to Different Parts of the United States---Continued. From New York to Name of City. Miles. From Richmond, Va., to Albany, N. Y.......500 Albany, N. Y.....1,123 Alexandria, Va. .84 Alton, (Upper).. .23 Annapolis, Md. 134 Annapolis, Md.. .940 Atlanta, Ga... 549 Atchison, Kan. 330 Bloomington, Ill....984 Cairo, Ill.... .203 .146 Carlinville, Ill........57 Canton, Miss.. .486 Canton, Miss.. Cape May, N. J....1,089 Carondelet, Mo. 823 667 ..787 Clayton, Del. .65 .580 Cleveland, O... .505 Columbia, S. C. .651 Columbus, O... .548 Concord, N. H.. .397 Corry, Pa.. .410 Crestline, O.. .544 Cheyenne, Wy. T..1,022 Chicago, Il... Cincinnati, O..... Columbia, S. C....1,247 Columbus, Ky.......... .166 Concord, N. H.....1,392 Corinth, Miss.. Davenport, Iowa...344 Denver, Colo......1,000 ..6 836 Bloomington, III....535 Boston, Mass.. 1.330 Breckenridge, Minn.217 Buffalo, N. Y.. Burlington, Vt....1.496 Cape May, N. J....1.218 Charleston, S. C...1.417 Chat'ano'ga, Tenn. 1,067 Chicago, Ill.... ...410 .280 .340 .309 Concord, N. H.....1.397 Des Moines, Iowa..305 Davenport, Iowa. 1,082 Dayton, O.. .694 Denver, Col. ..1,980 Des Moines, Iowa..1.221 Des Moines, Iowa,1,256 Detroit, Mich......1,289 Dover, N. H........1,799 Dover, N. H. .297 Dubuque, Iowa. 1,008 Dubuque, Iowa....1,087 Duquoin, Ill.. Elmira, N. Y. 274 Evanston, III... .927 Dover, N. H.. Enterprise, Miss....146 Duluth, Minn.. Fargo, D. T. ..1,628 Elmira, N. Y ..539 76 385 .1,469 .283 Burlington, Iowa.1,106 Burlington, Vt......304 Carson City, Nev.,2,800 Charleston, S. C.....817 Chattanooga, Tenn.850 Chicago, Ill. Evansville, Ind.....993 F't Kearney, Neb..1,598 Fort Wayne, Ind....751 Fredericksburg, Va.299 Galena, IlI. ...1,070 Galveston, Tex....1,900 Gettysburg, Pa......228 Harrisburg, Pa.....182 Hartford, Conn.....110 Indianapolis, Ind...812 Jackson, Miss. 1,319 Kalamazoo, Mich..772 Knoxville, Tenn.... 740 Lansing, Mich. ....725 Le'v'nworth, Kan. 1,393 Lexington, Ky......844 Little Rock, Ark...1,430 Louisville, Ky.. 832 256 406 Lowell, Mass. Lynchburg, Va... Macon, Ga .1,055 Portland, Ore..... 3,965 Ft. Kearney, Neb..1,815 276 367 Davenport, Iowa. 1,006 Dayton, O... ..619 Decatur, Ill..... 936 Denver, Colo......1.936 Des Moines, Iowa..1,180 Detroit, Mich... ..995 2.830 Indianapolis, Ind...736 Jackson, Miss.....1,461 Joliet, Ill.. .863 Kansas City, Mo..1,277 Lafayette, Ind.....784 Lansing, Mich.......728 Le'v'nworth, Kan. 1,303 Lebanon, Pa.. Louisville, Ky. 86 776 Jackson, Tenn.......442 Wyandotte. Kan..1,011 Yankton, Dak....1,851 79 .2,352 .444 621 268 Nebraska Cy, Neb. 1,321 164 946 Dubuque, Iowa....1,394 Duluth, Minn......1,579 Evansville, Ind.....906 Fargo, D. T.......1,678 Faribault, Minn...1,663 Ft Kearney, Neb..2.098 Fort Wayne, Ind....800 Fredericksburg, Va...58 Galena, Ill........1,377 Geneva Lake, Wis. 1,018 Goldsboro, N. C.....319 Gordonsville, Va.....76 Grand Rapids, M..1,075 Green Bay, Wis...1,132 Greensboro', N. C.... 189 Halifax, N. S......1,318 Hannibal, Mo.....1,153 Hanover C. H., Va... 18 Harrisburg, Pa......204 Hartford, Conn.....468 Indianapolis, Ind. 1,013 Jackson, Mich......981 Jacksonville, Fla....615 Jeffersonville, Mo.1,133 Joliet, Ill.........1,199 Kalamazoo, Mich.1,149 Kankakee, ill.....1.150 Kansas City, Mo...1,209 Keene, N. H.......................687 Kenosha, Wis.......983 La Crosse, Wis...1.213 Leadville, Colo....2,218 Lexington, Ky... Louisville, Ky.......706 Lowell, Mass. Lynchburg, Va......147 Mackinae, Mich.,1,284 Madison, Wis......1,071 Manasses, Va........111 Manitowoc, Wis...1.111 Milwaukee, Wis...1.018 Monroe, Mich.......S65 Natural B'dge, Va..181 New Bedford, Mass..559 New Orleans, La..1,143 New York, N. Y.....358 N. Mountain, W. Va. 152 Ogden, Utah.. .2.462 Omaha, Neb. ..1.430 Oswego, N. Y. ..595 Petersburg, Va... .23 Philadelphia, Pa....268 Pilot Knob, Mo....1,095 Portland, Me..... .699 Portland, Ore.. .3.892 Racine, Wis..... 995 Raleigh, N. C.... ..270 Sacramento, Cal..2,958 Sag Harbor, L. 1....458 St. Louis, Mo......1,008 St. John, N. B......1,042 Salisbury, N. C......238 Salt Lake City, U..2.439 Saltpetre Cave, Va..205 San Diego, Cal....3.500 S. Francisco, Cal..3,038 Saratoga Sp'gs, N. Y.538 Savannah, Ga..... .490 Springfield, Ill....1,100 Toledo, O.... Washington, D. C...77 West Point, Va... .38 840 108 ..638 .233 Milledgeville, Ga..1,075 240 Fernandina, Fla..1,685 |