"The Lighting of a Large Department Store." L. J., 1915, page 245. H. T. SPAULDING.-"Modern Lighting Practice in Department Store." Cen. Sta., Dec., 1915, page 150. "Lighting Features of Department Store, Boston." Electrical Review and Western Electrician, 1915, page 312. "An Innovation in Store Lighting." Ill. Eng., 1911, page 354. M. H. FLEXNER and A. O. DICKER.-"Illumination of a Furniture Store." L. J., 1913, page 141. E. F. OLIVER.-"Modernizing Furniture Store Lighting." L. J., 1915, page 153. 14 A. L. POWELL.-"The Lighting of Ordinary Small Stores." L. J., 1913, page 122. C. L. LAW and A. L. POWELL.-"Present Practice with Tungsten Filament Lamps Small Store Lighting." Electrical Review and Western Electrician, 1912, page 775. C. L. LAW and A. L. POWELL.-"Small Store Lighting with Tungsten Filament Lamps-Present Practice in." Trans. Ill. Eng. Society, 1912, page 437. C. L. LAW and A. L. POWELL.-"Distinctive Store Lighting." Trans. Ill. Eng. Society, 1913, page 515. A. L. POWELL.-"Store Lighting." L. J., 1913, page 90. C. L. LAW and A. L. POWELL.-"Distinctive Store Illumination." Isolated Plant, Dec., 1913, page 42. A. L. POWELL.-"Shop Lighting.' L. J., 1914, page 4. A. L. POWELL.-"Store Lighting with High Efficiency Mazda Lamps." L. J., 1914, page 166. 15 "Lighting of All-Package Grocery Stores." Gas Age, 1916, page 523. "Store Lighting." Am. Gas. Lt. J., 1910, page 1139. L. F. BLYLER.-"Lighting a High Class Haberdashery Store." Ill. Eng., 1911, page 656. 610. J. N. Cook. "Commerical Lighting." Prog. Age, 1911, page 418. E. H. MARTIN.-"Lighting a Rug Display." Prog. Age, 1911, page 487. E. M. OSBOURNE.-"Store Lighting with Gas Arcs." Prog. Age, 1911, page 987. J. M. COLES.-"Gas Arc Lamps in a Millinery Goods Show Room." L. J., 1913, page 125. J. E. PHILBRICK.-"Store Lighting." Trans. Ill. Eng. Society., 1913, page 499. R. ff. PIERCE. "Lighting Installation Planning." Am. Gas Lt. J., 1915, page 321. 16 C. I. HODGSON.-"The Use of Detailed Maintenance Records." L. J., 1915, page 274. W. S. KILMER.-"Special Illumination from a Tubular Source of Light." Ill. Eng., 1911, page 18. J. A. VESSY.-"Show Case Lighting." Electrical World, 1912, page 1223. W. S. KILMER.-"Modern Show-case Lighting." Electrical Review and Western Electrician, 1913, page 162. "Indirect Lighting in a Large Retail Clothing Store." Electrical Review and Western Electrician, 1913, page 670. H. B. WHEELER.-"Lighting by Indirect System High Class Stores." Electrical Engineering, 1913, page 439. W. R. MOULTON.-"The Lighting of an Exclusive Clothing Store." L. J., 1915, page 251. 17 A. L. POWELL.-"Show Window and Show-case Lighting." L. J., 1913, page 173. F. H. M. RILEY.-"Value of the Lighting Engineer." Electrical World, 1913, page 407. 18 Lectures, Johns-Hopkins. Ill. Eng. Society, 1911, page 778. R. BEMAN.-"Reflection from Plate Glass." Ill. Eng., 1912, page 209. 19 H. B. WHEELER.-"The Illumination of the New Hub Store, Chicago." L. J., 1913, page 116. J. G. HENNINGER.-"Show Window Lighting." Trans. Ill. Eng. Society, 1912, page 178. 20 A. L. ABBOTT and C. M. CONVERSE.-"Show Window Installation." L. J., 1913, page 39. OWS. H. B. WHEELER and J. A. HOEVELER. "Illumination of Small Show WindElectrical World, 1914, page 335. H. B. WHEELER. "The Lighting of Show Windows." Trans. Ill. Eng. Society, 1913, page 555. J. C. KING. "Show Window Lighting at Stern Brothers' New Store, New York." L. J., 1913, page 264. "Show Window and Display Lighting." Electrical Review and Western Electrician, 1914, page 275. C. B. PATE.-"Department Store Show Window Lighting." L. J., 1913, page 170. 21 E. R. TREVERTON.-"Combination Gas and Electric Office Lighting." L. J., 1914, page 264. 22 I. CLYDE. "Danger in Show Windows." Electrical World, 1911, page 33523 "Report of Committee on Window Display." Proc. N. C. G. A., 1914, page 350. B. F. BULLOCK.-"Window Lighting." Prog. Age, 1911, page 575. A. H. JOHNSTON.-"Methods of Window Lighting." Prog. Age, 1911, pages 705-6. R. M. THOMSON.-"Decked Window Lighting." Prog. Age, 1912, page 5. S. SNYDER. "Lighting a Window Display with Gas." Prog. Age, 1912, page 196. 24 P. EVES. "Store Window Lighting." Prog. Age, 1912, page 572. THE LIGHTING OF THE HOME BY H. W. JORDAN Many discussions coming under the title of illuminating engineering are so embellished and surrounded with technical terms and expressions that the mind of the average practical man becomes much confused in listening to or reading about them and he is often as much in the dark at the end as at the beginning. The average central station operator or salesman's knowledge of illuminating terms is more likely to be limited to a general practical understanding of fixtures, lamps, candle-powers and wattages, rather than lumens, lamberts or ultra-violet radiation. I have no intent to speak lightly of the subject as an exact science, or of the real value of technical knowledge applied to illuminating engineering; but my experience has proven to me that there is a real need of more simple information on this subject that could be applied alike by the central station man and the lighting service salesman, and it is for such men that this lecture has been prepared. The possession by the central station man, the salesman or the electrician, of a thorough knowledge of the principles of illumination would be of the greatest advantage, but even though he appreciated that it would mean much to him, the average man will not apply himself to a technical study of these principles. There is encountered frequently at the present time the problem of the old installations with fixtures often of barbarous design. If these were short-lived, one problem of poor illumination would be solved; but while the residence owner may quickly see the disadvantage of antiquated plumbing and remedy it, he and his antiquated lighting fixtures "grow old together." However, if the solicitor, directly in contact with the owner and the builder of the small residence, had a knowledge of even the elementary, rules of illumination, there would, I believe, be a vast improvement. The effect-whether conscious or unconscious-of the harshly or insufficiently lighted home, is as subtle and as uncomfortable in the case of a small residence as in that of the large. It is true that in the small residence the question of expense must be more carefully considered than in the large, yet when the owner realizes that incorrect illumination often means larger bills than proper illumination, he is, as a rule, anxious to have the trouble corrected. Poor lighting is by no means always attributable to a desire on the part of the owner to economize, but is more often due to a misunderstanding as to what constitutes correct lighting. In the lighting-service salesman's mind, selling and service should be side by side. The average residence owner must be credited with common sense, and it is reasonable to suppose that if the solicitor explained intelligently the essentials of correct illumination, the owner would not knowingly select the incorrect. When proper lighting is better understood, it, rather than economy, will be the primary factor. I believe that the illuminating companies are alert to the beneficial results of an understanding on the part of their solicitors as to what constitutes a home correctly lighted, and desire to coöperate with architects, fixture designers and decorators in this respect. These companies do realize the great need to the public, and therefore, to themselves, of proper installations and illuminants in the home. This can be judged in a way from their advocacy of the most efficient lamps, their adherence to the policy of free advice to present and prospective customers, and to their support of the departments of illuminating engineering. No fixed rule can be given for home lighting. There always arises the question of the use to which the rooms in the house are to be put by the individual owners, their personal tastes, whether artistic effect is desired, or whether it is entirely a question of economy. am sure no matter what the residence owner's taste may be, there always exists the desire to have the lighting artistic and efficient and the cost reasonably low. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS The principal object in home lighting is without question the psychological. It is our earnest desire to produce a plan of illumination that will be pleasing and agreeable to those who linger in its presence. It is a recognized fact that our visual perceptions and sensations are agreeable or disagreeable, pleasant or unpleasant. The illuminating engineer must give this fact great consideration. A too brilliant light source takes away that atmosphere of restfulness nearly always desired and under it one is prompted to sit up straight on the edge of a chair rather than to sit peacefully at ease, as one would feel like doing in the presence of a reasonable amount of light of soft agreeable colors. After all, proper and correct illumination is that which obtains pleasing and agreeable results and effects. Surely, the emotional factor, is very important in the lighting of the home on account of its direct influence upon the emotions of both the conscious and the subconscious mind. People have stated that the true indirect system in small interiors has a most peculiar effect on the mind; some complain that it gives them the blues, others say that it makes them feel depressed, and I personally do not favor it for residence lighting. Psychology enters into the consideration of æsthetic effects and also the physical. It is a familiar fact that artificial lighting has been done heretofore practically with illuminants giving much yellow, the colors blue and green being deficient until very recent times. I believe that the most agreeable effects are obtained by illuminants that give a proper proportion of yellow and red. For instance, light that has a sufficient percentage of yellow and red produces a very agreeable effect upon the complexion, whereas one that does. not have a sufficient proportion of yellow and red will "show up" wrinkles and freckles and produce a disagreeable, harsh appearance. This fact points directly to the advisability of using shades to tone the color. Time will not permit going far into the psychological aspects of illuminating engineering, my intention being to mention it briefly in so far as it has a direct bearing upon the lighting of the home. PHYSICAL ASPECTS It is conceded that most of the eye troubles of to-day are traceable to the fact that we are using our eyes much more than heretofore, and that much of our reading is now done in the evening. By the infinite possibilities of lighting equipment, the problems as presented to the layman are at present, and have been for some time past, rendered comparatively easy, the limitations placed upon him being comparatively few. If he decides that one system is bad, he tries another, or increases the intensity of light, and the whole time he may be getting deeper and deeper in trouble. Here is where such unlimited freedom may and often does form a dangerous gift. The allurement to excess in the quantity of light, is always present. |