matter whether the sun shines or not, thus symbolizing the living presence of God on the altar. While in the rotunda, casting its rays upon the tomb, the light no longer suggests the brightness of heaven, but on the contrary, is subdued by the blue tinting of the windows of the transepts and dome, thus reminding one that he is walking in the shadow of death.

The effect has been so thoroughly accomplished that anyone, even though claiming no pretext to the understanding of art, can readily feel the effect of the lighting as soon as the building is entered.

In conclusion it may be stated that that scheme of lighting a church is best which considers illumination in its two-fold aspect: First, eye-comfort illumination; secondly, the æsthetic, which embodies those qualities which conduce to harmony in the general architectural and symbolical treatment of the edifice.

LIGHTING OF SCHOOLS, LIBRARIES AND

AUDITORIUMS

BY F. A. VAUGHN

INTRODUCTION

The Committee on Lectures has suggested that this lecture course should be supplemental in character to the Johns-Hopkins University course of six years ago, at which time the establishment of the basic principles on which the science and art of illumination rests, was the main object. In the following discourse, therefore, particular stesss will of necessity be placed on the progress, during the interim, of the practical application of those basic principles and on the utilization of the results and investigations and findings of the various committees of the society appointed to coördinate and apply those principles to the various practical problems, especially those involving public comfort and welfare.

Since, also, the other lecturers in the present course have been assigned subjects dealing with general details of design and application, covering the entire field of the art, the following lecture will necessarily be largely confined to an analysis of the specific problems covered by the title, the application of already established principles to these problems and a passing review of typical and notable installations exemplifying these applications.

The subject is extremely broad and inclusive, since the illumination of the various departments and divisions of schools, auditoriums and libraries, embraces practically every known type of illumination, for all classes, ages and sexes of people. This discourse must therefore be confined within limits, lest it overlap the subjects of the other lecturers; therefore it will treat fully only those requirements which are more or less uniquely applicable to the narrower interpretation of the subject, leaving the applications to the more general functions to others, or to casual mention. For instance, in the modern schools and colleges there are offices, catalogue files, dining rooms, gymnasiums, swimming pools, shops, kitchens, hospitals, grounds and architectural exteriors, which require practi

cally the same treatment as the same character of spaces in other establishments.

In the formation of this somewhat narrower viewpoint it will be assumed that the more unique functions of the three divisions of the subject will be largely confined to education, edification and amusement, especially studying, reading, observing and listening. For the purpose of this lecture, the principal function of the schools will therefore be considered to be a public place for study; that of the library, a public place for reading, and that of the auditorium a public place for seeing and hearing. In each case large masses of the public are involved, and each is a factor in the education, edification and amusement of the public, with a preponderance toward the educational or amusement functions in the order given. All are fundamentally of general public benefit, welfare and uplift, if properly used, and all deal with comparatively large spaces, accommodating numerous people.

Surely, it is tremendously important to pursue the study of the proper application of the art of good illumination to these spaces as a means of augmenting the beneficial functions of these institutions, and of avoiding the counteracting influence of the serious ill effects of poor illumination on the physical, mental and moral development and well-being of the public.

Besides being useful and efficient, it is demanded of the lighting installation in each of the divisions that it be artistic and harmonious. This requirement is at present perhaps most rigid in the case of auditoriums; less so in the case of libraries, and still less in the case of schools, with a growing tendency at the present time to introduce and extend this influence more and more into the schools, not in the form of elaboration or ornateness, perhaps, which is not necessarily art; nor in an expensive form-which does not always indicate good taste-but by the harmonious application of the installation to the architectural features and the functions of the room. In each division of this subject, the importance of the physiological effects as obtained through vision and the use of the eye, is tremendous, and more and more widespread in its scope as we pass backward toward the schools, where the development and conservation of the eyesight of our children and youths for the future is paramount and of greatest economic importance to the nation and the world. In the other two divisions, however, the conservation of the remaining eyesight of older persons is only relatively unimportant.

In each division it is desirable, for the successful carrying on of