nearly 100 feet above the level of the sands, and commanding a variety of delightful prospects. Scarborough combines the advantages of sea-bathing with mineral baths. The springs, which are saline and chalybeate, are on the margin of the sea, and are surrounded by walks and ornamental grounds. There are numerous churches, a theatre, assembly rooms, libraries, interesting castle ruins, and a remarkable bridge, erected upon piers 75 feet high, over a chasm 400 ft. wide, which. separates the town from the Spa. There is an extensive and commodious harbour, of easy access, protected by two piers of substantial masonry. The season is from July to the middle of Oct. It is perhaps the most attractive of the English watering-places. The purity and bracing quality of the air, the extent of smoothness of the sands, the excellent bathing, the mineral waters, combined with the beauty of its situation, render it most attractive. Its castle is a picturesque object, built in the reign of Stephen. The iron pier is the fashionable promenade. At the Spa, approached by the Cliff Bridge, there are convenient buildings facing the sea, and the terrace in front is a fashionable rendezvous. There is a museum and a small aquarium. There are numerous pleasant excursions to be made in the neighbourhood. The number of yearly visitors is said to be about 200,000.] The principal stations beyond York, before arriving at Darlington (2354 miles), are Thirsk (213 miles), and Northallerton (221 miles). In the latter parish is the Standard Hill, where the great "battle of the Standard was fought between the English and Scots in 1138, when the latter were routed with a loss of 11,000 men. From Darlington, where several lines converge, the tourist, if he please, may stop at Leamside Junction, on the way to Newcastle-on-Tyne, and pay a visit to DURHAM (261 miles. Hotel: County), capital of the county of that name, a bishop's see, the seat of a university, and a very ancient city, with a cathedral, esteemed one of the most magnificent in England, which forms a conspicuous object in the landscape for many miles (see p. 260). The larger portion is Norman, with additions in all the later styles of Gothic. The castle, founded by William the Conqueror, is also Norman, and is now in the possession of the University. The Magdalene Chapel, and the Dormitory of the ancient Monastery of Durham, should be visited. Leaving Darlington, we proceed through a bleak country, noticing on our right, near Fence Houses (260 miles), a monument to the memory of the late Earl of Durham, and soon afterwards reach NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE (275 miles), (Hotels: See "HOTEL LIST"). The chief town of Northumberland, and the oldest and principal shipowning and coalexporting market of the district; the seat also of important manufactures, as locomotives, steam engines, chemicals, &c., and of iron furnaces and foundries. Trade is carried on from this place with every part of the world. Glass manufacture, for which this place was once famous, has been transferred of late years to the adjoining district on the Wear. The great feature of Newcastle is the High Level Bridge, a work of Robert Stephenson, connecting it with Gateshead and the railways on the opposite side of the Tyne. It is 1375 feet long between the triumphal arches, 32 feet wide, and has 512 feet waterway. The roadway is 85 feet above high water. It is supported by six massive stone piers, 125 ft. apart; 5050 tons of iron were used in its construction, and its total cost was nearly £235,000. It is a double bridge, consisting of two roadways, one 25 feet above the other, the lower being for carriages, foot-passengers, &c.; the upper carrying three lines of rails. The church of St Nicholas is ancient. The Exchange is a large Ionic building, which includes the Guildhall and Merchants' Court; there are also many other public buildings. The castle from which it takes its name is still standing, and the restored chapel is used as a museum for the interesting Roman and other antiquities found here. It was built by Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror. Between Newcastle and Berwick, at a short distance from the main line, is Alnwick Castle, the magnificent seat of the Percy family, from about 1300 to the present time. It was formerly a very important border fortress; it is now celebrated as one of the grandest and most perfect feudal dwellings in the kingdom, very large sums having been spent upon its restoration by its recent possessors. The castle covers 5 acres of land, and the grounds around it are very extensive, containing the ruins of two ancient Abbeys. Malcolm, King of Scotland, and his son, Prince Edward, were killed in 1094; and William the Lion was taken prisoner here in 1174, whilst besieging this Castle. The internal decorations are very splendid. In the town still remains a tower, with a gateway, called the Bondgate, having been formerly used as a prison. There is a branch to Alnwick (Hotel: White Swan), from Bilton (300 miles). Six miles from Alnwick are the noble ruins of Warkworth Castle, also the property of the Duke of Northumberland; and at about half a mile distant is the celebrated hermitage hewn out of the rock, the subject of one of Dr Percy's ballads. It is said to have been inhabited by one of the Bertrams of Bothal, in penitence for the murder of his brother. Near Lucker (324 miles), about 3 miles distant on the right, are the remains of Bamborough Castle, recently restored, standing by the sea shore on a rock 150 feet high. It was a Saxon fortress, built in the 7th century. It was near this point that the heroine Grace Darling risked her life by assisting her father to save the crew of the "Forfarshire." We pass close to the sea, and near Belford (327 miles), we see Holy Isle, with the ruined abbey and castle of Lindisfarne, alluded to in Sir Walter Scott's "Marmion." We next reach BERWICK-UPON-TWEED(342miles), (Hotel: King's Arms) From the situation of this town on the extreme northern limit of England, and its importance as a fortress in the feudal ages, it possesses a curious history, forming, as it did, an object of contention between the rival powers of Scotland and England for ages, and through violence, treaty, or treachery, constantly changing the mastery of the one for that of the other. The temporary possessors invariably confirmed to the inhabitants their laws and privileges; and, from long usage, they seem to have been equally indifferent to the supremacy of either. The memory of this state of things has been perpetuated to our own times by the preservation of a separate jurisdiction, and the recognition of the neutral character of the locality, by its invariable mention in proclama tions, acts of parliament, &c., after the enumeration of more important divisions of the empire, as the "Town of Berwick-uponTweed." ROUTE 44. GLASGOW. (This is the shortest route to Glasgow. Trains leave the EUSTON Station of the London and North Western Railway.) A considerable portion of the LONDON TO CARLISLE AND old walls, one of the towers, and some of the gates still remain, but are of course useless for defensive purposes. It was anciently the principal port of Scotland, but the absence of docks, the shifting character of the sands of the estuary, and the increased size of shipping, have driven its trade to more commodious localities. The Tweed has been re 406 miles; first class, 588.; second class, 45s.; third class, 33s. nowned for the productiveness of From London to Crece 158 miles, its salmon fisheries for centuries; and this fish, preserved in different ways, long formed its principal export; it is now simply packed in ice. The Royal Border Bridge, which carries the railway across the Tweed, about half a mile above the old bridge, is a striking feature in the landscape. The district is conspicuous in the statistical returns for its freedom from crime. (Edinburgh to Berwick-on-Tweed, see Route 143.) see Route 39. We N leaving Crewe, we see on the right Bond Hill and Mow Cop, two of the highest hills in Staffordshire, the latter rising to an elevation of 109 feet. After passing Minshall Vernon (1623 miles) we see, on the left, the Cheshire Hills and the mountains of Wales; and, on a clear day, the view extends to those of Derbyshire. next reach WINSFORD (165 miles), celebrated for its saltworks, and shortly afterwards, HARTFORD (169 miles), near which is Northwich also distinguished for its saltworks. Between these places we cross the valley called Vale Royal, one of the most beautiful in the kingdom, in which we observe the fine mansion and grounds belonging to Lord Delamere. Leaving Akton (172 miles) we traverse a fine viaduct, called Dutton Viaduct, of 20 arches, nearly a quarter of a mile in length. At Preston Brook (1763 miles) is the point of intersection between the Grand Junction and Bridgewater Canals. Near Moore (1791 miles), we cross the River Mersey over a viaduct of 12 arches, and obtain a view of a beautiful valley richly cultivated, and studded here and there with farm-houses and country seats. We then reach Warring ton (182 miles) (see Route 38), and Wigan (195 miles). For the stations and places of interest between this place and Carlisle, see Route 44; for those between Carlisle and Glasgow, see Route 14, where the Route is fully described. line to Oxford goes off to the right, see Route 42. WANTAGE (60 miles) was a place of importance during the Anglo-Saxon period, and the birth-place of King Alfred the Great. Bishop Butler, author of "The Analogy of Religion," &c., was also born here. At a short distance, on the left, is Uffington Castle, an earthwork attributed to the ancient Britons. Near it is the figure of a white horse, cut out from the side of the chalkhill. From this figure the valley is called the Vale of White Horse. From SWINDON (77 miles) a line goes off to GLOUCESTER and CHELTENHAM. (It is 37 miles from Swindon to GLOUCESTER; LONDON TO BRISTOL AND from London it is 114 miles) ROUTE 45. SOUTH WALES. (Hotels: Bell, Ram). Gloucester stands in the centre of the broad and level valley of the Severn, upon an elevation so slight that its site would be (From London to Slough, 18 scarcely remarked from a dis miles; see Route 41). FTER leaving Slough, and passing Maidenhead (22 miles), the course of the railway for a considerable distance is nearly parallel with that of the Thames, which affords pretty glimpses of villa residences and seats on its banks and the sides of the hills which bound its valley. The first place of any importance is READING (36 miles), the county town of Berkshire. A pleasant town, situated just above the junction of the Kennet and the Thames, and partly between them. It is a place of considerable traffic, as the Hungerford and Devizes branch, the Reading and Guildford, and two branches of the London and South-Western lines converge here and join the Great Western main line. At Didcot the main tance but for the grand tower of its CATHEDRAL, which is a most conspicuous object for many miles around. It is an old Roman station, was formerly well fortified, and retained its walls entire until the Civil War, when it was garrisoned by the parliament, and resisted all the efforts of the king to capture it, which circumstance contributed powerfully to its downfall. At the Restoration the walls were dismantled, but may still be partially traced. The crypt and nave of the CATHEDRAL are Norman, the choir, Lady-chapel, cloisters and tower of later styles, the latter being the latest addition and the most elegant of its kind in the kingdom. The cloisters are perfect and exceedingly fine, and the carved oak stalls in the choir, the groined and bossed ceilings of the choir and Lady-chapel very admirable. There are many fine ancient monuments, of which the most remarkable are those of Robert Duke of Normandy-his coloured effigy, cross-legged, in Irish oak, and of Edward II., who was brought here for interment after his murder at Berkeley Castle. His effigy, upon an altar-tomb, surmounted by a rich canopy, is of white alabaster, is said to be the earliest specimen of Italian art in England, and to be the orginal of all the existing likenesses of the unfortunate king. There is a statue to Jenner, a native of the county. Before the ancient gateway of the lower entrance to the Cathedra Close is a new monument to Bishop Hooper, upon the exact spot where he was burnt. St Mary de Crypt is an interesting old church, and there are considerable remains of some of the monastic institutions, Black Friars and Grey Friars, but they are now partially converted into dwellings, warehouses, &c. Pins, as now made, are said to have been invented here, by John Tilsby, in the reign of Elizabeth, and it was the principal place of their manufacture until about 30 years since, when it was removed to Birmingham. The Canal, by which large ships come up to the town, is of an average width of 90 feet, minimum depth of 15 ft., and 16 miles in length, without a lock. Near its entrance at Sharpness Point (3 miles), is Berkeley and its Castle, in which Edward II. was murdered, still inhabited by the direct descendants of the family which then possessed it. In the year 1870 Parliamentary powers were obtained for lengthening, widening, and deepening the canal to accommodate steamers and other vessels of the largest class. The Severn, above Sharpness Point, is only navigable, for any practical purpose, by barges. As Gloucester is the centre of a great railway and water conveying system it has a large and increasing trade with the inland towns with which it is so connected. Half an hour farther on, on the same railway, CHELTENHAM and TEWKESBURY, one being 8 and the other 10 miles distant; the first well known for its mineral waters and beautiful promenades and neighbourhood; and the other for its grand old Norman abbey-church, and store of ancient monuments. Founded by two great Saxon nobles, richly endowed by the great Norman families of Fitz-Hamon and De Clare, whose chief burial-place it became, it was, like Gloucester, one of the few abbeys whose chief wore the mitre, and had a seat in parliament as a peer. The Beauchamp or Warwick sepulchral chapel is a very beautiful piece of architecture, and the ancient stained glass clerestory windows contain some curious and, doubtless, authentic illustrations of baronial costume and armour). Resuming our journey, the principal stations between Swindon and Bath are WoottonBassett (823 miles) and Chippenham (933 miles), both of which are now unimportant places. The former sent two members to Parliament, until disfranchised by the Reform Bill; the latter was a seat of the Kings of Wessex and is mentioned by ancient chroniclers as the scene of important events in the wars between the Saxons and Danes. Near Corsham (98 miles) is Corsham Court, the seat of Lord Methuen, celebrated for its collection of pictures. Near Box (101 miles) we enter the Box Tunnel, cut, for a great part of its length, through the great oolite limestone, in such a manner as to require no support from |