and was only surrendered by his command to the Scottish army, after which it was dismantled. The parish Church is very large and elegant, in a great part rebuilt during the reigns of Henries VI. and VII., but still preserving some traces of its previous Norman character. It contains some brasses and other ancient monuments. The town has a very largecorn-market, inwhich article, and in malt, its trade chiefly consists. The branch of the Trent on which the town stands, is navigable for barges.

[From Newark a branch goes westward to LINCOLN (15 miles). (Hotels: Great Northern, Saracen's Head.) This ancient city was a Roman station, and a place of great strength at the time of the Conquest. The Cathedral, standing upon a hill, can be seen from a distance of many miles, and is one of the finest in England. It was founded originally in the reign of William Rufus, and rebuilt by Henry II. There is a Roman pavement in the cloisters. Amongst the monuments, are those of Catherine, wife of John of Gaunt, and Joan, Countess of Westmoreland, their daughter. There is a ruined Castle here, built by William Rufus. Amongst other points of attraction are the Chapter House, the ruins of John of Gaunt's Palace, and Newport Gate; this last a fine specimen of ancient Roman architecture. In one of the public libraries is preserved a very ancient copy of Magna Charta.]

We presently reach RETFORD (138 miles). The point where the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire line unites with the Great Northern. Retford is an ancient town, but has no attraction whatever to delay the tourist. It has a trade in corn, hops, and cheese. Large fairs for the sale of horses, cattle, sheep,

&c., are held here at stated periods.

[From Retford, by the railway above-mentioned, we may visit SHEFFIELD (24 miles), (Hotels: Victoria, Royal).

This important town became a Parliamentary borough under the Reform Act of 1832, but only received its charter as a municipality in 1843. It had acquired a reputation for iron manufactures at the close of the thirteenth century, especially for faulchion heads, arrow piles, and the kind of knives called whittles. Its leading branches of industry were permanently settled here before the invention of steam, to which it owes their great perfection and extension. It has long been known for its manufactures of cutlery of all kinds, white metal, plated, and especially electroplated goods. Every kind of artificer's implement is made here upon the largest scale, however minute or ponderous. It is here that the rolled armour-plating for war-ships, now so indispensable in naval architecture, is principally made; the works of two firms alone covering more than 40 acres, and employing several thousand men. It is impossible to enumerate here the various kinds of metal manufactures and industries in which Sheffield is pre-eminent. All its public buildings are modern. James Montgomery, the poet, and Ebenezer Elliott, the "Corn-law Rhymer," were inhabitants of the town, and have public monuments erected to their memory.]

Resuming our journey at Retford, we shortly arrive at

DONCASTER (156 miles), (Hotel: Angel).

The town is pleasantly situated, and is famous for its races, held the third week in September, the "St Leger" being one of the greatest races of the year, and

always attracting thousands of spectators. It was an old Roman station, but has all the appearance of a well arranged modern town, which is rapidly extending. The Great Northern Railway Company have a large establishment here which employs a considerable number of workmen, amounting, with their families, to about 4,000 persons. The ancient church was destroyed by burning in 1853, and has been replaced by another after designs by G. G. Scott.

[From Doncaster, Hull may be conveniently reached via Thorne and Goole, distance 45 miles.

HULL (Hotels: Station, Victoria) is situated at the mouth of the River Hull, where it enters the Humber, and is one of the principal ports of embarkation to Holland, Norway, and Sweden.

It was anciently called Wyke upon-Hull, but its name was changed to Kingston-upon-Hull by Edward I. who afterwards made it a royal borough. It has numerous docks and a capacious harbour. The old part of the town, with the exception of the fine market-place, in which is Shoemaker's equestrian statue of William III., is ill built with narrow streets, but that portion near the docks, consists of handsome streets and houses. Of the public buildings the most notable are the Church of the Holy Trinity, a beautiful Gothic structure, the transept of which is the oldest brick building in the county, and St Mary's Church, Lowgate. There are several good schools, various charitable institutions, mechanics institute, public library, museum, two theatres, concert hall, &c.] Hull is a place of little interest to the ordinary tourist. It is a packet station of importance, claiming as a shipping port to be excelled only by London and Liverpool.

Resuming our journey we soon reach YORK (191 miles), Hotel: See "HOTEL LIST.").

York is one of the most ancient cities of England, distinguished as having been the reputed birthplace of the Emperor Constantine the Great, the residence of the Roman emperors when theyvisited the province, and the place where the Emperors Septimus Severus and Constantius Chlorus died. Portions of the Roman walls still exist, and the foundations of the remainder have, from time to time come to light. From the circumstance that it is the chief city of the largest county in England, it has always preserved its relative importance. It is situated upon the river Ouse, which flowsthrough it, and, with the Trent, forms the estuary of the Humber. No city in England has played a more conspicuous part in its history than this, and its titular dukedom has always been conferred upon members of the royal family, from its first creation to the most recent times. With the exception of London, it is the only city in England whose mayor is entitled to the designation of "Lord" during his tenure of office. The Cathedral (see p. 254) is one of the most magnificent edifices in existence, although it has suffered much from fire in the present century, once by the act of a fanatical incendiary named Martin, in 1829, and in 1840, when its western tower with its fine peal of bells was destroyed through the carelessness of a workman employed to repair the clock; but the parts destroyed have been perfectly restored. In the eighth century, York was celebrated as a school of divinity to which scholars resorted from various parts of the continent, one of whom was Alcuin, the friend of Charlemagne, tutor of his family, and founder of some of the most celebrated

schools of his time in France. The Archbishop of York is second only in ecclesiastical dignity to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and bears the title of "Primate of England;" in contradistinction to the title of the latter of "Primate of all England." The grounds of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society are a few minutes walk from the Cathedral on the bank of the Ouse. Admission 1s. In the grounds are the ruins of St Mary's Abbey, St Leonard's Hospital, and the Multangular Tower (the last named being the most perfect of the Roman remains). The tower is 33 feet in interior diameter, and consists of 10 sides of a regular 13 sided figure. The remains of St Leonard's Hospital consist of the cloister and the chapel of the Infirmary. The chief remains of the Abbey are the Abbey Church, in the Early English style, still very beautiful though much injured by the weather. East of the Abbey Church is a large building used as a School for the Blind, and partly as a National Boys School. The Museum has a well arranged collection of antiquities and coins, and a natural history collection.

The old City Walls, one of the chief curiosities of York, are nearly perfect, having been repaired. The walk upon the top, extending for over two miles, affords fine views of the Minster and the surrounding country. The walls may be ascended close to any of the old gates or bars. These latter are interesting features of the town and date from the time of Edward III.

The CASTLE encloses the jail and courts, and Clifford's Tower, a remnant of the ancient castle. This tower was the Keep of the Castle. Open every day except Saturday. York was long a chief seat of the woollen manufacture, but this

has been transferred to Leeds, Bradford, and other places in this and the adjoining counties. The Great Bell of the "Minster," by which name the Cathedral is best known, weighs 11 tons. Most of the churches are ancient, and of great interest to the antiquarian tourist. It has all the institutions of modern exigences which are usually found in large cities.

Although Yorkshire is now one of the busiest parts of England, and its natives are proverbial for their commercial shrewdness and money-making propensities, it was remarkable in the middle ages for the extent, magnificence, numbers, and wealth of its religious foundations, with the remains of which the face of the county is still studded, and to which crowds of tourists are still attracted by the beauty of the scenery in which they are situated, as much as by the picturesqueness of the ruins themselves. Of these may be particularly mentioned Guisborough Priory, Fountains Abbey, Kirkham Priory, Whitby Abbey and the Grey Friars' Tower at Richmond. There are also many remains of castles in various parts of the county, amongst which may be mentioned Pontefract Castle, where Richard II. was murdered, Knaresborough Castle, and Conisborough Castle, near Doncaster.

[42 miles from York, by the North Eastern Railway, is

SCARBOROUGH (Hotels: See "HOTEL LIST"), a seaport and fashionable watering-place, situated in the recess of a beautiful bay, on the borders of the German Ocean, and rising from the shore in the form of an amphitheatre. The buildings on the cliff stand almost unrivalled in respect of situation, having in front a fine terrace