ward V., Henry VII. and his queen, Anne of Cleves (one of the queens of Henry VIII.), Mary Queen of Scots, Queen Elizabeth. Other sovereigns: Edward VI., Mary I., James I. and his queen, the Queen of Bohemia his daughter, Charles II., William III. and Mary his queen, Queen Anne, George II., and Queen Caroline. There are many other monuments of members of old baronial families, prelates, and others; also some brasses, interesting as examples of the costumes of various periods. In a room over the chapel of Abbot Islip (not shown) is a collection of the wax effigies used at the funerals of various en inent persons buried in the Abbey. The waxworks can be seen only by special permission of the Dean. Amongst the statesmen buried in the Abbey may be named Chatham, Pitt, Fox, Canning, Castlereagh, Peel, and Palmerston. The wish expressed by Lord Palmerston to be buried in his own quiet village churchyard was disregarded in order to do him honour, and Lady Palmerston has since been buried by his side. The estimation in which the honour of being buried here by the nation is held admits of no finer illustration than in the speech of Nelson on the eve of one of his victories: "A peerage, or Westminster Abbey ! He was buried, nevertheless, at St Paul's. Bulwer (Lord Lytton) was buried in St Edmond's chapel, near "Poets' Corner," Jan. 25, 1873.

The pretentious-looking pieces of statuary ranged around that portion of the building through which the stranger is allowed to range, are of various degrees of merit, and the visitor may criticise them for himself. They are principally testimonies of a grate ful nation to persons whose services are thus recognised, and

The

whose names and deeds are duly inscribed upon them. The nave, transept, and cloisters are free, and the charge for a guide through therest of the building is 6d. for each person. colossal statue of James Watt is by Chantrey, and there will be found other works of the same sculptor, as well as those of Roubiliac, Flaxman, Bacon, Westmacott, and other celebrated artists. The chair upon which the sovereigns of England have been crowned for many centuries, and which serves as a frame for the stone of Scone, upon which the kings of Scotland had been, from time immemorial, crowned, up to the period when Edward I. invaded that country, and brought it away in token of the absolute subjection of the Scots, is shown here. There is a more modern throne, which was made very much after the fashion of the older one, for the coronation of Queen Mary with her husband, William of Orange. Two plainer pieces of furniture cannot well be imagined. (These are shown by the attendants during the visit to the chapels.)

The column with allegorical figures upon it, a few paces beyond the Abbey enclosure, at the west end, is a monument to such of the officers who fell in the Crimea as had been educated at Westminster school.

Next in antiquarian interest to Westminster Abbey amongst the Churches, stands undoubtedly that of the TEMPLE. It is the best remaining monument of the semi-religious, semi-military order by which it was founded. It was restored by the wealthy societies, to which it now belongs, in all its former magnificence, and with the most scrupulous regard to the architectural proprieties, between 1839-42, at a cost of about £70,000.

The church is divided into two sections, the Round Church and the choir. The former was completed in 1185, the latter in 1240. In the Round Church are nine monuments of Templars of the 12th and 13th centuries, recumbent figures in marble, in full armour. They are very beautiful and well preserved. In the burial ground, north-east of the choir, will be found a stone with the simple, but all-sufficient inscription, "Here lies Oliver Goldsmith."' The learned Selden is buried here, and in the Triforium will now be found many of the monuments of the sixteenth century and later times, with which the body of the church was formerly disfigured. The keys of the church are kept by the porter, at the top of Inner Temple Lane, but a person is usually in attendance within the church. (Daily from 10 to 12, and from 1 to 4; sacristan's fee, 6d. While in the precincts of the Temple, a visit may be paid to the Middle and Inner Temple Halls, with their fine oaken ceilings, old paintings, and blazonries; and to the Middle Temple Library, a modern erection, nearer the river. The Temple Gardens are a pleasant promenade, and are open to the public.

ST PAUL'S is, without exception, the grandest building of its kind in the kingdom. A Christian church has occupied the same site from the earliest times of the Christian religion. The first church was destroyed during the reign of Diocletian, the second, built during the reign of Constantine, was destroyed by the Saxons, the third was built by Sebert, the first Saxon monarch who embraced Christianity. This church, which was greatly enlarged by successive bishops, was destroyed in the great fire of 1083, which destroyed a large part of the city.

The fourth church, on a larger and more magnificent scale, was commenced very soon after the destruction of the last, and is generally called "Old St Paul's." It was destroyed in the great fire of London in 1666. The Fire of London afforded scope for the erection of this creation of Sir Christopher Wren's genius. It occupied 35 years in building, yet was completed under the superintendence of one architect, one builder, and during the presidency over the see of one bishop. It is the Walhalla of England, as the inscriptions upon the monuments will explain. Nelson and Wellington

are buried here. Finished in 1710, all the monuments which are erected in it are to persons whose exploits and works are the subjects of comparatively recent records. The length from east to west is 510 feet; the width of the transept 250 feet. The height of the dome to the top of the cross is 404 feet. The sarcophagus, which contains Nelson's coffin, was made for Henry VIII. by order of Cardinal Wolsey, and the coffin itself is made from a part of the mainmast of the ship L'Orient, destroyed at the battle of the Nile. A monument to the Duke of Wellington occupies a recess, formerly used as a Consistory Court, near the south-western corner of the Cathedral. The bronze figure of Wellington rests upon a sarcophagus underneath a canopy of white marble, supported by twelve Corinthian columns. Many of the monuments in the cathedral are fine. They record the memory of the following among others :John Howard, Dr Johnson, Sir William Jones, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Nelson, Captain Duff, Marquis Cornwallis, Capt. John Cooke, Captain Burgess, Captain Faulkner, Capt. Miller, Captain Hardinge Major-Gen. Dundas,

Capt. Westcott, the Generals Crawford and Mackinnon, MajorGenerals Mackenzie and Langworth, Lord Rodney, Captains Mosse and Riou, Earl Howe, Sir Ralph Abercromby (equestrian), Sir John Moore, K.B., Admiral Lord Collingwood, Sir Isaac Brock, Major-Genera Houghton, Sir William Myers, and MajorGeneral Le Marchant. The crypt contains the tombs of Nelson, Collingwood, Picton, Wellington, Turner, Lawrence, West, Fuseli, Reynolds, and other eminent persons. The tomb of Wren has a Latin inscription -"Beneath lies Christopher Wren, the architect of this church and city, who lived more than ninety years, not for himself, but for the public. Reader, do you seek his monument? Look around you!"

A few of the monuments from the old building destroyed in the Fire of London are preserved in the crypt.

The noble proportions of this edifice cannot be judged of, from the confined space in which it is situated, and can be best appreciated from the river. The Cathedral is open daily from 8 a.m. till dusk. The monuments may be inspected, free of charge, at any time, except during divine service, which takes place daily at 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. in the choir, and on Sundays at 10.30 a.m. and 3.15 and 7 p.m. under the dome. There is also on week-days a service at 8 a.m. and at 8 p.m. in the chapel at the end of the crypt, while the Holy Communion is celebrated every week-day at 8 a.m. in the chapel at the end of the North aisle. The choir is closed except during divine service. The upper parts of the building and the vaults are shown (except during divine service) by tickets, procurable in the south transept at the following charges :

The Church of St Martin's-inthe-Fields is at the north-east corner of Trafalgar Square. It was built by Gibbs, 1721-6. The names of persons buried here which will be most familiar, are those of Robert Boyle the Philosopher, Lord Mohun, killed in a duel with the Duke of Hamilton, who also fell; Roubiliac, the sculptor, Nell Gwynne, and "Jack Sheppard."

St Bartholomew's the Great in West Smithfield, is an old Norman church with later additions. Hogarth the painter was baptized here, and opposite to St Bartholomew's Gate, in Queen Mary's reign, were burnt the Smithfield Martyrs, whose sufferings are detailed by Fox. An inscription in the wall in front of the hospital in Smithfield, commemorates the martyrdom of John Rogers, Bradford, and others. In St Saviour's, Southwark (like the last, a conventual church), lie the poet Gower, Edmund Shakespeare, younger brother of the poet; Sir Edward Dyer, the friend of Sydney; Fletcher (with whom Beaumont was associated); and Massinger, the dramatic poet. (Keys of the Church are at No. 1 Church Passage, Cloth Fair).

St Helen's, Bishopsgate Street, contains some altar tombs with effigies of Sir John Crosby (founder of the hall in the same street, which bears his name, and has been restored within a few years); Sir Thomas Gresham, founder of the first Royal Ex

change in London, and other persons of note in their day.

St Giles, Cripplegate, is an ancient church, principally visited as the burial-place of Milton, who composed "Paradise Lost" in this parish (house destroyed in 1864). Fox the martyrologist, and Speed the historian, are also buried, and Oliver Cromwell was married here. The Register records the burial of Defoe.

At St Pancras, Euston Road, are buried Godwin the novelist; Mary Wolstonecraft his first wife, authoress of the " Vindication of the Rights of Woman," and mother of Mrs Shelley; Dr Walker, author of the "English Pronouncing Dictionary;" Jeremy Collier, and Ned Ward, author of the "London Spy."

St Mary-le-Savoy, or, as it is best known, the Savoy Chapel, lies between the Strand and the Thames. It was burnt in 1864 and perfectly restored by the Queen in 1865. Here were buried Gawain Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld, the translator of Virgil; and George Wither the poet. The "Savoy Conference" for the revision of the Liturgy, on the restoration of Charles II., took place here.

As more than fifty of the city churches were designed by Wren, it will be understood that most of them are modern and comparatively uninteresting, except for their associations, which we shall briefly point out. At St Paul's (Covent Garden), built by Inigo Jones, are buried Butler the author of "Hudibras;" Wycherley, the dramatist; Grinling Gibbons, the sculptor and carver in wood; Mrs Centlivre, dramatic writer; Dr Arne, the musical composer; Girtin, founder of the modern school of water-colour painting; and John Wolcot (Peter Pindar) the satirist.

At St Bride's, Fleet Street,

were buried, in the old church : Wynkin de Worde, the printer; Sir Richard Baker, author of the "Chronicle;" and Lovelace, the poet; in the new: Ogilby, translator of Homer; Sandford, author of "Genealogical History ;" and Richardson the novelist. There is a copy from Rubens' "Descent from the Cross," in stained glass.

In St Stephen's, Walbrook, behind the Mansion-house, one of Wren's best efforts, lies Sir John Vanburgh, the architect and wit; the last-named quality has been exercised at his expense in the well-known epitaph suggested for him:

"Lie heavy on him, Earth! for he Laid many a heavy load on thee."

In St Magnus, London Bridge, lies Miles Coverdale, one of its rectors, Bishop of Exeter, and the first translator of the Bible into English.

In St James's, Piccadilly, is a beautiful font in marble, and some foliage over the altar, by Grinling Gibbons. Buried here are the Vanderveldes, the marine painters; Tom D'Urfey, the dramatist; Dr Arbuthnot, the friend of Pope, Swift, and Gay; Akenside, the poet; Sir William Jones, the Oriental scholar; Yarrell, the naturalist; and Gillray the caricaturist.

St George's, Hanover Square, is the most fashionable church in London for marriages. Sterne, author of "The Sentimental Journey," and "Tristram Shandy," lies in its burial-ground at Bayswater.

Two of the best specimens of Gothic churches are St Stephen's in Rochester Row, Westminster, built by Miss Burdett Coutts; and All Saints, Margaret Street, Regent Street, the first stone of which was laid by Dr Pusey, erected principally by the con

tributions of Mr Tritton, the banker, and Mr Beresford Hope. The internal decorations are very rich, with porphyry and inlaid marble, and there are some frescoes by Dyer.

St Albans, near Gray's Inn Lane, Holborn ; St Michel's, Shoreditch; and All Saints, York Road, Lambeth, just across Westminster Bridge, to the left, may be selected as churches where the stranger may best see how nearly the service of the Church of England is made, by a section of its priesthood, to approach that of Rome.

Whitehall Chapel (Chapel Royal) on the south side of Whitehall, a fine specimen of the Palladian style, was built for a banqueting hall by James I., and was part of the palace which he intended to build upon the site of the old Palace of Whitehall. The whole of the old palace having been burnt in 1697, leaving only this banqueting hall, St James' Palace became the royal residence, and this edifice was converted into a Chapel Royal by George I.

The historical reminiscences of Whitehall Palace are most interesting. Here CARDINAL WOLSEY gave his famous banquets, and here he was disgraced. Here Henry VIII. first saw and became enamoured of Anne Boleyn, at a ball given in his honour, and here he died. From here Elizabeth was taken a prisoner, to the Tower; and to Whitehall she returned as queen. From an opening made in the wall in the banquetting hall, (now the Chapel Royal) between the upper and lower central windows, CHARLES I. was led out to the scaffold which stood in the street, close by. Here OLIVER CROMWELL resided with JOHN MILTON his Secretary, and here he died. Here Charles II. held his profli

gate Court, and here he too died, (1685).

The principal Roman Catholic churches are St George's Cathedral, in St George's Field's, Southwark, the largest built in England since the Reformation; the Jesuit Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street, Berkeley Square; St Mary's, Moorfields; the Pro-Cathedral, Kensington; and the Italian Church, Hatton Garden. At the last three is full orchestral service.

There is a Greek Chapel, in the Byzantine style, in Welbeck Street. The National Scotch Church is in Crown Court, Long Acre; Dr Cumming, author of several well-known works on the fulfilment of prophecy, is the minister.

Behind the Wesleyan Chapel, in the City Road, is the grave of John Wesley himself. Whitefield's Chapel is in Tottenham Court Road. Mrs Whitefield, and Bacon the sculptor, R.A., are buried there; and over Surrey Chapel, in the Westminster Bridge Road, with its Lincoln Tower (erected 1875), the Rev. Newman Hall presides.

The Tabernacle, built for the Rev. C. H. Spurgeon, is on the Surrey side of the Thames, near the Elephant and Castle. It is an enormous building of Italian architecture, and has seats for 4,400 persons.

There are German, French, Dutch, and Swedish Protestant places of worship; and, in the last named, Baron Swedenborg, founder of the sect named after him, is buried.

The principal Synagogue of the Jews is in Great St Helen's, St Mary-axe, Leadenhall Street.

PALACES.

ST JAMES'S PALACE, Marlborough House, the residence of the Prince of Wales (immediately