canal navigation, by which, to Ascension, Reigned. date of. Years. William I., 1066 21 1087 13 1100 35 1135 19 gether with the network of rail- THE HOUSE OF NORMANDY- The climate of England is humid but healthy. From the insular position of the country, it is liable to sudden and frequent changes, and to great variations of dryness and moisture. The population of England and Wales was 25,968,286 in 1881, not including soldiers and sailors on foreign service. THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET— 1154 35 1189 10 1199 17 1216 56 1272 35 Edward II., 1307 20 50 1377 22 Richard 11., V.. Edward V., 200 1399 14 1413 9 1422 39 THE HOUSE OF YORK Edward IV., 1461 22 1483 1483 2 ROUTE 36. CARLISLE TO LIVERPOOL. London and North-Western (127 miles. First class, 26s. 6d. ARLISLE (Hotels: CARLISLE is a pleas- and delicate traceries, and iscon- Paley, the author of the "Prin- Leaving Carlisle we pass PEN- Although, nominally the chief town of the county, it is, of course, insignificant in comparison with many others in it. It was a Roman station given by Edward III. to his son, John of Gaunt, ancestor of the Lancaster line of the Plantagenets; it formed part of the palatinate into which his duchy was erected, and has ever since conferred a title only on members of the Royal family. The town suffered much in the wars of the Roses. It is built upon an eminence, of which the Castle crowns the summit, and gives to it a very picturesque appearance. From the fact of the building, when it ceased to be needed as a place of defence, having been converted into a jail for the county, it has been kept in complete repair, and, with the exception of the large square ancient keep, nearly rebuilt. Beside the keep, there remain King John's Gate, John of Gaunt's Tower, and other towers. The parish church of St Mary has some stained glass windows, ornamental brasses, and some specimens of oak carving, said to have been brought from the Abbey of Cockersand, at the dissolution. Owing to the silting up of the River Lune, upon which it is situated, a dock has been constructed, about 5 miles below the town, at Glasson, through which a considerable foreign and coasting trade is done. There are also cotton and silk mills, iron foundries, and other branches of business. Dr Whewell and Professor Richard Owen, the great comparative anatomist, were born here. The next town of importance on our route is PRESTON (90 miles), (Hotel: Ball). Situated in a fertile country and in the midst of good scenery, this place is one of the great seats of the cotton manufacture, as well as of linen, for which, at an earlier period, it was more specially reputed. It is an ancient place, having belonged to Earl Tostig, the brother of King Harold, before the Conquest, and was probably a Roman station. It was partly burned by the Scots under Robert Bruce in 1323. It was occupied by the partisans of the Pretender, in 1715, and very gallantly, though in vain, defended by them; and again by the retreating forces of the Pretender in 1745. During the civil war it declared in favour of the king, but was taken by the Parliamentarians under Fairfax. Situated upon the River Ribble, it is a port, but its trade is chiefly coastwise. There are many public buildings and institutions, but all of modern origin, the parish church itself having been recently rebuilt. Richard Arkwright was born here in 1732, and commenced here some of his great improvements in the cotton manufacture. The express trains stop next at WIGAN (85 miles) (Hotel: Clarence). One of the great centres of the iron and coal trade. It has a town-hall, several schools, and other public institutions. The church of All Saints was built before the reign of Edward III., but the greater part has undergone restoration. In the northern part of the town there is a pillar erected to the memory of Sir T. Tyldesley, who fell in the battle of Wigan Lane, Aug. 25, 1651, between the Royalists and the Parliamentary forces. (There is a branch from Wigan to Southport, situated on the estuary of the Ribble, and called from its exquisite climate, the "English Montpelier.") From Wigan we soon reach NEWTON BRIDGE, where we join the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. (For the journey from this point to Liverpool, see Route 37). ROUTE 37. LIVERPOOL TO MANCHESTER. miles) a stone tablet marks the spot where Mr Huskisson, a much respected member of the House of Commons, was killed on the 15th Sept. 1830-the day of the opening of the line. The North Union Railway has here a branch to Wigan and Preston. At Bury Lane (20 miles) we begin to traverse Chat Moss. We soon 311⁄2 miles; 1st class, 5s. 6d. ; 2nd, afterwards arrive at PATRICROFT 48.; 3rd, 2s. 7d. (26 miles), where we find Nasmyth's Foundry, the largest in Trains every even hour from Lime England. A short distance off is Street. HE line from Liverpool to Manchester was opened on the 15th of Sept. 1830, and cost nearly £1,000,000. It is the first railway on which locomotion through the agency of steam was attempted. It required a great effort of engineering skill, and a considerable outlay of capital, to overcome the difficulty presented by the great morass, called Chat Moss, through which this railway passes. We leave Liverpool from the Lime Street Station, and, after passing two stations of no note, reach Huyton (54 miles), a flourishing town, famed for its potteries, and for the manufacture of the movements of watches, and the tools employed in watchmaking. The next place worth notice is St Helen's Junction (12 miles), where there is a branch of two miles to ST HELEN'S, celebrated for its glass manufactures, the most considerable of which are carried on at the works of the Union Plate Glass Company. At NEWTON (15 miles) are the great printing works of Messrs M'Corquodale and Co. In 1648 the Highlanders were routed with great slaughter near Newton. (The Grand Junction Railway here joins the Liverpool and Manchester line). At Parkside (15 Worsley Hall, where there is a good collection of pictures, the most remarkable of which is one by Landseer, representing a party of falconers returned from the chase. We then reach Eccles, (27 miles), a pleasant village, situated on the banks of the Irwell. Its ancient church belonged to the Abbey of Whalley, and has given its name (E clesia) to the parish. Manufactures of silk and cotton are carried on here. Passing two more stations, we arrive at MANCHESTER (31 miles), (Hotels: see "HOTEL LIST.") Manchester is the emporium of the cotton trade of Great Britain, and the largest city, supported by its special manufacture, in the world. It is connected with Salford by eight bridges over the River Irwell, an affluent of the Mersey, with which place it forms a parliamentary borough returning two members. In 1773 the entire population was only 22,481. With the exception of Preston there are few places in the kingdom which can show such a rapid increase of opulation. Amongst the public buildings, the most important and largest are the Exchange, in the centre of the town, the grand hall of which is 185 feet long, by 92 feet wide, and of corresponding height; the New Town Hall, one of the finest public buildings in England; and the Corn Exchange, |