the means of a final solution of this grave and everincreasing difficulty: First, an appeal to the Government of Great Britain to cooperate with our own Government in the absolute prohibition of this trade in men and women; and, second, the joint and friendly action of the two countries with the Empire of China in the abrogation of all treaties between the three nations permitting the emigration of Chinese to the United States.

And, in the mean time, we earnestly recommend legislation by Congress limiting the number of Chinese allowed to be landed from any vessel entering the ports of the United States to, say, not more than 10.

This policy would, in a great degree, tend to a redress of the grievances that now sorely afflict our State, and threaten to overshadow her prosperity.

A counter-memorial was sent to Congress by the presidents of the six companies, denying most of the allegations of the Senate committee, and supporting the denial, in some measure, by evidence. Among other things, it was shown that, for the past year, instead of an increase of immigration, there had been more departures than arrivals at the port of San Francisco. It was also shown, from the

criminal statistics of the State, that there was a far smaller proportion of Chinese than of other classes of foreigners in the penal institutions. In his message to the Legislature of 1877-'78, Governor Irwin, speaking on this subject, said:

The presence of the Chinese in this State in large numbers, with steady additions thereto, through immigration, from the exhaustless hive in China, not American and Chinese civilizations, but has actually only threatens an irrepressible conflict between the initiated such conflict. If the right of unlimited emigration is conceded to the Chinese, as it is under the Burlingame Treaty, and if Chinese immigrants are guaranteed in all the rights that immigrants from the most favored nations are, as they are under the same treaty, what is to prevent the triumph of with ours? Every one conversant with the state of their civilization, in a modified form, in its conflict affairs in this State knows that, if the present conditions guaranteed by the Burlingame Treaty continue, there is imminent danger of precisely that result.

Nay, I may go further, and say that that result is as certain as any event can be which is yet in the future; but upon this condition only, that the Chinese shall enjoy perfect and absolute protection

here.

Under the provisions of the Burlingame Treaty, their right to protection here is as perfect as is their right to come here. If, then, they shall be protected in their treaty rights-their right to come here and be protected while here-we shall most certainly be so far vanquished in the conflict that the resulting civilization will be essentially different in its character from the civilization of the Mississippi Valley and the Atlantic seaboard.

But it is not always possible for a government to do what it is legally and morally bound to do. It may be unable to furnish the protection which its treaty obligations and the laws of humanity require it to furnish. I have said, an irrepressible conflict between the Chinese and ourselves-between their

civilization and ours-has already been initiated. Now, if the unrestricted right of immigration shall continue to be secured to the Chinese, and they shall continue to exercise the right, there is danger-great danger-that this conflict will become so sharp, bitter, and determined, that it will be difficult, or even impossible, for the Government-national or State, or both-to secure to them the protection to

which they would be entitled, both by treaty and the laws of humanity. We are in imminent danger of this contingency, and will continue to be, as long as the Chinese shall continue to exercise the rights guaranteed them by the Burlingame Treaty.

What, then, is the plain duty of the United States Government? It is, to secure the abrogation of the treaty provision which permits unrestricted Chinese immigration to this country. If the Government of China will not consent to such a modification of the treaty, then Congress should forthwith pass such laws, in disregard of the treaty, as will remedy the evil.

The following preamble and resolutions were promptly introduced in the Legislature, and the holidays, at the end of the year: were pending when that body adjourned over

Whereas, On the 3d of July, A. D. 1844, a treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, was concluded between the United States of America and the Empire of China, whereby the citizens of the United States

As the State has guaranteed interest on railroad bonds, the amount to be raised is $314,745. Deducting interest in Sinking Fund, the net bonded indebtedness of the State is $3,319,061.43 Of the bonded indebtedness of $3,411,000, the State itself holds $2,665,000 for the benefit of the common schools and the State University. The amount of bonds in private hands, on June 30th, was only $746,000. The rate of taxation, for the last year, was 73 cents on each $100 assessed value of property. The number of acres of land subject to tax was 24,015,065, valued at $454,641,311; the value of personal property taxed was $140,431,866; total taxable property, $595,073,177; amount of tax for State purposes, $4,372,019.22; amount of county taxes, $7,377,948.30; total taxation, $11,749,967.52.

The amount of money expended for the support of schools, during the last school year, was $2,749,129.46. The State University at Berkeley is represented to be in a very flourishing condition. The Agricultural College is in successful operation, and the College of Mechanic Arts is to be built at once.

On July 1st there were 1,195 patients in the lunatic asylum at Stockton, 201 having been admitted during the year preceding. The average daily cost of supporting them was 41 cents each. The asylum at Napa, on the same date, contained 395 inmates, and the average daily cost of support was 60 cents each. The latter institution was not wholly completed at the end of the year. Its total cost will be about $1,500,000, and it will accommodate 600 patients. The Institution for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind, at Oakland, which was destroyed by fire, has been replaced, at a cost of $90,000, the two buildings erected having accommodations for 250 pupils. Additions of workshops and a new cell-building have been made to the State prison at San Quentin, which has now a capacity for about 1,000 inmates.

The general election, held on the first Wednesday in September, was for the choice of local officers and members of the Legislature only. The question of having a convention held for the revision of the constitution of the State was submitted to a vote, and decided in the affirmative. The Legislature is required to provide for the election of delegates and the holding of the convention, which must meet within six months after the act is passed.

The 22d session of the Legislature of the State began on December 3d. On the 19th, James T. Farley was elected to the United States Senate for the term of six years, beginning March 4, 1879, receiving 28 votes in the Senate and 54 in the House, against 12 in the Senate and 24 in the House for M. M. Estee, the candidate agreed upon by the Republican

members.

CAPE COLONY AND BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA. As stated in the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1875 and 1876, a strong movement has been developed in favor of a close union

The total should be 722,508, instead of 721,580, but the result will probably be still more erroneous when the results of the census become known. In this table British Caffraria is included in the eastern provinces.

In the Cape Colony, the executive authority is vested in a Governor and a responsible ministry. The Legislature consists of a Council of 21 and an Assembly of 68 elected representatives. The Governor in 1877 was Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere. He was assisted by the following ministry: Colonial Secretary and Premier, John Charles Malteno; Treasurer, Henry White; Attorney-General, Simeon Jacobs; Commissioner of Crown Lands and Public Works, C. A. Smith; and Secretary for Native Affairs, C. Brownlee. Natal is gov erned by a lieutenant-governor, Sir Henry Ernest Bulwer, and the government of the Transvaal was provisionally administered in 1877 by Sir Theophilus Shepstone.

The Cape Colony has done very much for education during the past decade. The entire

school-system is directed by a general superintendent of education, who is assisted by à number of school-inspectors. Schools may be established by any one, but, in order to receive aid from the Government, must adjust their course of study to that prescribed by the State, and can only employ teachers having the general superintendent's license. In very few cases the Government aids colored schools, even if they do not attain the requisite grade, but these cases are very exceptional. Indeed, some of the colored schools, whose number is very large, occupy a front rank among those of the colony with regard to efficiency. The Government establishes schools only where nobody else undertakes to do so-which is of very rare occurrence. The average salary of a primary school-teacher is £200 to £300, and that of a secondary school-teacher, £300 to £500. Large numbers of schools have been established throughout the colony, which have been supplied with teachers from England and Scotland. The academy, which had existed for several years in Cape Town, was changed into a university in 1876.

The administration of Cape Colony was changed in 1877. Sir Henry Barkly, who has

been Governor for some years, was replaced by Sir Bartle Frere, who arrived in Cape Town on March 31st, and immediately assumed the authority. On May 25th, he opened the Parliament, with a speech on matters of internal interest. The ministers submitted their minutes on Lord Carnarvon's Permissive Bill, i. e., a bill permitting the South African colonies to unite in one confederation. They were in favor of the union under one Legislature, rather than by confederation. The session was prorogued by Sir Bartle Frere on August 8th. In his speech he referred to the annexation of the Transvaal as an important event, tending to insure peace, security, and prosperity, not only to the people of that country, but to South Africa generally. The most important measure of the session was the annexation of Griqualand West. The pledge given by the Parliament in 1871, on the faith of which the British Government assumed sovereignty over the diamond-fields and the country of the Griqua chief Waterboer, had thus been fulfilled. The territory is now to be incorporated with the Cape Colony, forming two new electoral divisions, returning four members to the House of Assembly, and one to the Legislative Council.

The disputed land claims preferred by Waterboer and the early occupants of the country were being investigated by Captain Warren, R. E., who had already amicably settled the question of the boundary-line with the Orange Free State. The country situated between the eastern frontier of the colony and Natal had also been annexed. This embraced the chief part of the territory formerly known as Caffraria Proper, but now known as Fingoland and Nomansland. It is mostly occupied by natives who are not yet sufficiently advanced in civilization and social progress to be admitted to representation in Parliament. The Government, therefore, will be, as in Basutoland, under certain regulations and laws to be framed by the Governor in council, but subject to be repealed, altered, or varied by act of Parliament.

In September, a war broke out between two

native tribes in the Trans-Kei territory, the Fingoes and the Gallekas, the leading tribe of Amaxosa Caffres. The Fingoes had formerly been reduced to slavery by the Amaxosa Caffres; and their very name-Fingoes meaning dogs in the Caffre tongue-shows the scorn with which their victors regarded them. Unsuccessful wars and fanatical superstition broke the power of these Caffres 20 years ago. In obedience to the prophecies of a seer, the whole nation perpetrated, in 1857, a most extraordinary sacrifice, which consisted in destroying their cattle and corn and all their property, and leaving their fields untilled. They were deluded by the hope that, when this desolation was completed, their dead warriors would be restored to life, and the whole Caffre race endowed with strength and beauty, riches and power. A frightful famine was the result, which was alleviated by the charity of the

colonists and the exertions of the Government. The destruction of a great part of this misguided tribe induced Sir George Grey to settle the Trans-Kei territory with Fingoes and other friendly tribes, while the Caffres were pushed back into a narrow strip of territory along the coast. As the latter have increased in numbers, and become once more prosperous in recent years, they have raised clamors from time to time against the interloping Fingoes, and, in spite of the influence of their patriarchal chief, which for a long period is said to have been exercised in the cause of peace, the explosion was at last precipitated by an accidental squabble. An invasion of Fingoland by the Caffres ensued, and many cattle were "lifted" by the invaders. But up to this time there had been no breach with, and no defiance of, the British authorities. The Colonial Government, however unwilling to make a casus belli, could not decline to interfere, especially as the Fingoes had, in the interests of peace, been prevented from obtaining weapons, and from practising warlike arts. An inquiry was ordered by Sir Bartle Frere, in which both sides were admonished that only the guilty would be punished, while compensation would be rigorously exacted and fairly distributed, according to the justice of the case. The Caffre chief, it seems, was himself willing to submit, or pretended to be so, but he professed his inability to control the men of the younger generation. When the British resident warned the raiders back from the Fingo borders, they

BUSHMEN.

at first obeyed; but after a council of war they resolved to go on with their enterprise, in spite of the intimation that the Government would resist the attack on the Fingoes to the utmost. It is remarkable, however, that, before

ZOOLOO YOUTHS IN DANCING COSTUME.

ment had, in the mean time, reënforced the Fingoes with a strong body of police, and had called out the volunteers and the burgher militia of the colony. A hasty attempt was made to arm and organize the Fingoes for resistance; but the insurgents were too prompt in their onslaught. The first engagement was on September 26th, between 200 frontier police with 2,000 Fingoes on one side, and some 3,000 Caffres on the other. The Fingoes, unused to fighting, showed some confusion, but many of them fought well. The police, aided by a single field-piece, administered a sharp chastisement to the enemy, and drove them away in flight for several miles. If the gun had not been damaged in its transit through a rough country, this success would have been more decisive. There were two or three subsequent conflicts, in each of which the Caffres were severely handled and driven back. In fact, the insurgents, while often showing great bravery, nowhere made a stand against the Europeans and Fingoes combined, though the latter were badly armed and untrained in warfare. These successes were achieved in the absence of the troops, which, on September 29th, were sent to Mazeppa Bay, in Krelis country, and of the volunteers and burghers who were hurrying to the front. Sir Bartle Frere's presence near the theatre of war, as well as the fact that he was accompanied by a member of the Cape ministry, saved much valuable time, and imparted a rapidity and energy to the conduct of the campaign which