pal work, "Die Topographie von Jerusalem und seinen Umgebungen " (1853-'54). TREVISANATO, JOSEPH, an Italian cardinal, born February 15, 1801; died April 28, 1877. He was ordained a priest in 1824, and was for seven years Professor of Exegesis in the Patriarchial Seminary. He became Bishop of Verona in March, 1854; Archbishop of Udine in September, 1852; Patriarch in 1862, and Cardinal of Venice in 1863. In 1854, the Emperor Francis Joseph conferred on him the Order of the Iron Cross, and created him a Privy Councilor. He was also Primate of Dalmatia, Metropolitan of Venice, and Abbot of St. Cypres, all honorary titles. TSCHABUSCHNIGG, ADOLF, Ritter von, an Austrian politician and poet, born July 9, 1809; died November 1, 1877. In 1861 he was elected to the Austrian Chamber of Deputies by the Diet of Carinthia, and remained a member of that body until 1870. In the Ministry under Count Potozki, he was Minister of Justice, but resigned in 1871, together with the rest of the Ministry. In 1870 he was created a member of the Herrenhaus. His collected poems appeared in 1833 (3d ed., 1864). He also published a number of humorous and other novels. VOIGTS-RHETZ, CONSTANTIN BERNHARD VON, a German general, born July 16, 1809; died April 14, 1877. He entered the Prussian army in 1827, was appointed to the general staff with the rank of captain in 1841, became chief of the staff of the Fifth Army Corps in 1852, and in 1858 commander of the Ninth Infantry Brigade. In 1859 he was appointed director of the general war department in the Ministry of War, and as such took an active part in the reorganization of the Prussian army. In 1860 he was appointed commander of the Federal fortress of Luxemburg, and in 1864 of Frankfort. In the Austrian war of 1866 he was chief of the general staff of the First Army Corps, and in the war of 1870 was in command of the Tenth Army Corps, in both of which positions he distinguished himself considerably. VOLKMANN, ALFRED WILHELM, a German physiologist, born July 1, 1801; died April 21, 1877. After having studied medicine and the natural sciences in the University of Leipsic from 1821 to 1826, he spent some years in London, and returned to Leipsic in 1828, receiving an appointment as extraordinary professor in the university in 1834. In 1837 he received a call to the University of Dorpat, but a quarrel with the Russian Government caused him to resign, and in 1843 he went to the University of Halle as Professor of Physiology, to which was afterward added the chair of Anatomy. The best known of his works are: "Neue Beiträge zur Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes" (1836), and "Physiologische Untersuchungen im Gebiete der Optik "(1863-'64). He also contributed a large number of articles to Poggendorff's Annalen, Wagner's "Physiologishes Wörterbuch,” and Müller's Archiv für Physiologie. WACKERNAGEL, PHILIPP, a German scholar, born in 1800; died June 20, 1877. He was principally known by his work "Das deutsche Kirchenlied von der ältesten Zeit bis zu Anfang des XVII. Jahrhunderts " (4 vols., 1864-'74). WAHALA, AUGUSTIN, a Roman Catholic bishop, born January 23, 1802; died September 10, 1877. He was appointed Bishop of Leitmeritz in Bohemia in 1866. He took a prominent part in the political struggles of Bohemia, being one of the most ardent Czechs. WARREN, SAMUEL, a British author and jurist, born May 23, 1807; died July 31, 1877. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1831, and was made a Queen's Counsel in 1851. In the following year he became Recorder of Hull, which position he filled until 1874, when he resigned. In 1856 he was elected to Parliament for Midhurst; but being appointed in 1859 Master in Lunacy, he resigned his seat. He wrote a number of novels, of which "Ten Thousand a Year" was considered by far the best. He also wrote a number of legal works. WEEKES, HENRY, a British sculptor, born in 1807; died May, 1877. He was a pupil of William Behnes and Sir Francis Chantrey, to whose studio, in Pimlico, he succeeded. While still a student he was a constant exhibitor at the Royal Academy, and in 1837 he completed the first bust of Queen Victoria made after her coronation. Among his works are the statues of Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley, executed for the "Martyrs' Memorial" at Oxford; of Dr. Goodall, at Eton; of the Marquis Wellesley in the India House; of Lord Bacon, at Trinity College, Cambridge; of Lord Auckland for Calcutta; and of Sir E. Barnes for Ceylon. Among his later works are busts of Lord Truro, Dean Buckland, and the Duke of Marlborough, and statues of John Hunter, Harvey, one of the groups in the Albert Memorial, and of Charles II. for the House of Lords. In 1850 he exhibited "The Suppliant," and in 1852 "A Shepherd." In the latter year he was awarded the medal offered by the Society of Arts, for the best treatise on the fine art section of the Great Exhibition of 1851. He was elected A. R. A. in 1850, R. A. M. in 1864, and Professor of Sculpture in the Royal Academy in 1873. WEISKE, JULIUS, a German jurist, born in 1801; died March 10, 1877. He was Professor of Law in the University of Leipsic, and was the author of a number of valuable works, among them a "Law Dictionary" ("Rechtslexikon"). WILDERMUTH, OTTILIE, a German authoress, born in 1817; died June 12, 1877. She was well known throughout Germany by her pleasant sketches of home life. Among her best known works are "Schwäbische Pfarrhäuser," Auguste," ""Heimath der Frau," and "Aus dem Frauenleben." She also wrote a large number of stories for girls. 66 WRANGEL, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ERNST, Count von, the oldest officer in the Prussian service, born April 13, 1784; died November 1, 1877. He entered the Prussian army in 1796, took part in the campaigns against Napoleon, commanded the allied troops against Denmark in 1848, resigned his command September 8th to quell the revolution in Berlin, and having succeeded in this was created general of cavalry in 1849, after having been major-general since 1823, and lieutenant-general since 1838. In 1856, on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of his military service, King William created him a field-marshal. With him a large part of old specific Prussian history passed away. A regimental cadet when King William was born, decorated for valor in the field in the first days of the present century, a colonel at Waterloo, and a general over fifty years ago, it was thought very probable that this extraor dinary veteran, of whom the Berliners said, "He has forgotten how to die," might outlive his sovereign. He was one of the curiosities of Berlin, and when he would ride through the Thiergarten and Unter den Linden, carefully strapped to his horse, he would be followed by numerous gamins to whom he would throw coins. "Papa Wrangel," as he was called, was in every sense a true child of Berlin, having even that disregard for the rules of the German language so common among the lower classes of that city. WUNDERLICH, KARL AUGUST, a German physician, born August 4, 1815; died September 25, 1877. He studied medicine in the University of Tübingen, where he commenced to lecture in 1840, and in 1850 went to Leipsic as Professor of Clinics. He was the author of "Handbuch der Pathologie und Therapie" (3 vols., 1846-'54; 2d edition, 1853), "Ueber die französische und deutsche Medicin (1841), "Versuch einer pathologischen Physiologie des Blutes" (1844), "Geschichte der Medicin" (1859), and "Ueber die Eigenwärme in Krankheiten" (1868). In 1841 he established, together with Roser, the Archiv für physiologische Heilkunde. " WYATT, Sir MATTHEW DIGBY, a British architect, born in 1820; died May 21, 1877. In 1851 he superintended the erection of the Crystal Palace in London, in 1852-54 the fine art department and decorations of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham, was appointed surveyor to the East India Company, and in 1859 was knighted and appointed the first Professor of Fine Arts in Cambridge. He was the author of a large number of works, among them, "The Industrial Arts of the XIXth Century" (2 vols., 1851; with 160 plates), "Fine Art" (1870), and "An Architect's Note Book in Spain" (1872). ZIMMERMANN, KARL, a German theologian, born August 23, 1803; died June 12, 1877. He was one of the principal founders and promoters of the "Gustav-Adolf-Verein," established for the purpose of founding Protestant communities in strictly Catholic parts of Ger many. He was also the author of a considerable number of works, and the editor of various educational and theological journals. ZITZ, FRANZ, a member of the German Parliament, born in 1803; died April 30, 1877. In the revolutionary movements of 1848 he took an active part, and was a prominent member of the German National Assembly. He was forced, however, to flee from Germany, and having gone to the United States, he established himself in New York as notary public with Friedrich Kapp. He returned to his native country in 1868. ZOPFL, HEINRICH MATHEUS, a German jurist, born April 6, 1807; died July 4, 1877. He studied in the University of Würzburg, and afterward lectured in the University of Heidelberg, becoming an ordinary professor in 1842. In 1850 he was elected a member of the first Chamber of Baden, and from there was sent to the State House of the Union Parliament of Erfurt. He was the author of a number of works, the best known of which are "Grundsätze des allgemeinen und deutschen Staatsrechts" (1839; 5th edition, 1863), and "Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte" (3d edition, (1858). ZWYSEN, JOHN, a Dutch Catholic prelate, died in October, 1877. He became Bishop of Utrecht in 1852, and of Bois-le-Duc in 1868. He was one of the most active of the Dutch Catholics, and in 1853 had contributed materially to the restoration of the Episcopate in the Netherlands. OGDEN, WILLIAM B., died in New York City, August 3d. He was born in Delaware County, N. Y., in 1805. At the age of 21 he entered a large mercantile firm, and in 1834 he was a member of the New York Legislature, where he gave special attention to the bill providing for the construction of the Erie Railway. In 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he established a Land and Trust Agency; in 1837 he became the first mayor of the city, and in 1860 he was elected to the State Senate. His lumbering establishment, situated in Peshtigo, Wis., was one of the largest in the world; and he was among the first to bring mowing and reaping machines into general use, at his suggestion the first reaper being sent to the London Exhibition in 1851. He was President of the National Railroad Convention held in 1850, to take measures in reference to building the Pacific Railroad, was also President of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad Company, the Northwest Railroad Company, the Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad Company, the Buffalo & Mississippi Railroad Company, and in 1862 he became the first President of the Union Pacific Railroad Company, but soon retired from that position. He was the first President of Rush Medical College, and gave timely aid to the Theological Seminary of the Northwest, the Historical Society of Chicago, the Academy of Sciences, the Astronomical Society, the University of Chicago, and the Chicago Women's Home. In 1854 and 1855 he visited Europe, and his examination of the canals of Holland suggested to him the practicability of the Sturgeon Bay & Lake Michigan Ship Canal. He devised a plan for an undergound railroad in New York City, in connection with the question of rapid transit. Since 1866 he has resided in New York City. OHIO. The financial condition of the State at the end of the fiscal year 1877 was as follows: On the 15th of November, 1876, the funded debt of the State was.. $6,481,505 30 The redemptions during the year were: Loan of 1875.. 5,000 00 The taxes levied in 1877, and collectible in 1878, are: State taxes. County and local taxes. Delinquencies and forfeitures. Total........ The State Auditor's report contains the valuation of property in Ohio since 1800. Up to 1826 real property only was assessed for State taxes. The county and town taxes were raised by a poll-tax, licenses, and various special taxes. The whole property assessed for State purposes during fifty years was as follows: Loan payable after June 30, 1881, six per cent. interest.. Loan payable after December 31, 1881, six per cent, interest... Total foreign debt.. DOMESTIC DEBT, PAYABLE AT COLUMBUS, YEARS. The two periods, one including the war, and the other since, show the following ratios of increase: 208,882 58 33,762,136 07 The local indebtedness of the State, on the first day of September, 1877, was as follows: Net debt of counties. Net debt of townships, including debts created by boards of education other than for separate school districts.. Net debt of cities (first and second class).... Net debt of incorporated villages.. Net debt of school districts (special).. Total..... 979,351 15 1,469,287 08 YEARS. $89,328,569 10 From 1857 to 1867. From 1867 to 1877. 585,620,682 268,798,897 678,998,757 464,761,022 1,084,415,878 490,190,887 The total increase of assessed values in three periods is nearly the same. A comparison of taxation for the last three decennial periods shows the following: The balance in the State Treasury on the 15th day of November, 1876, was.. $585,829 04 The receipts, including draft for $300,000 of taxes payable in 1878, for fiscal year ending November 15, 1877, were....... YEARS. Total amount of funds in the treasury for the year ($300,000 of revenues anticipated as above).... The disbursements during the year have been Balance in treasury November 15, 1877. The Auditor of State estimates the receipts, including the balance on hand November 15, 1877, for the current year, from all sources, at. The disbursements at: have considerably more than doubled mortgage and commercial debts do not exceed Out of $27,000,000 levied by taxation, only SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE OHIO AT CINCINNATI. veral years building, and has cost a During the year 16,992,589 passengers were carried by the railroads running through or into Ohio, which is 684,063 less than were carried in 1876. The freight tonnage for the year aggregates 30,338,004 tons, which is an increase over former years of 990,205. The gross earnings of operated lines for the year were $58,095,489.87, a decrease of 85,165,650.70. In net earnings there is a falling off coinpared with the last year of 82,997,214.05. The total, which was $14,832,223.66, is 2.56 per cent. upon the total paid in stock, bonds, and other debts of the companies owning lines. The earnings from passengers aggregate $1,559,214.32, a decrease of $884,718.45. The freight earnings amounted to $38,678,746.65, a falling off of $3,765,327.82. The total paid-in capital stock of the various roads doing business in Ohio aggregates $273,310,568.02. The outstanding bonds amount to $282,283,130.09, and the other net debt to $24,978,540.21, making a grand total of $580,572,246.32. The interest paid during the year on bonds The proportions of the above aggregates for Capital stock paid in. Total stock and debt.. Miles of double track, sidings, etc... Net earnings... Number of employés (a reduction of 4 Central Division of the Bal The report of the State Co Grand total of receipts, including balan Number of teachers employed. Number of school-houses erected durin year The report of the State Mine $156,283,960 152,408,441 17,696,107 226,888,510 4,722 1,219 81,017,686 8,078,320 26,000 Ohio railroads, like those of the West generally, suffered during the year from the general depression in business. Of 57 roads doing business in the State, but 13-less than onefourth-paid any dividends, and nine of these owe their apparently prosperous condition to the fact that they were leased at favorable figures, leaving only four to pay dividends out of the business actually done on the roads. Of the 13, two paid dividends only on preferred stock, while four were able to pay small dividends on both common and preferred stock, and all these were leased roads. This shows that leasing roads is, under some circumstances, more profitable than operating them, though the fact that the lessees actually lost money would indicate that it would scarcely be possible to make such favorable terms now. The following are the losses of the operating companies on some of the leased lines: Central Division of the Baltimore & Ohio, $123,197.36; Cleveland & Pittsburgh, $292,845.47; Little Miami, $338,412.58; Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago, $276,138.56; Toledo, Canada Southern & Detroit, $127,296.61; and the Toledo & Woodville Road, $32,165.96. The two oldest narrow-gauge roads in the State show a deficit in their earnings. The average cost of operating railroads in Ohio is about 71.47 per cent of the gross earnings; that is, in order to earn $100 it is necessary to spend $71.74. The public works of the State, originally costing $16,000,000, but a portion of which had been abandoned, or suffered to fall into decay, were some years since leased to a company, which operated them subject to the general inspection of the Board of Public Works. On the 23d of June the lessees notified the board of their intention to abandon the lease on the 1st of December, on the ground that certain acts of the Legislature, authorizing the filling-up of part of the canal basin in the city of Hamilton, operated as an eviction of them from what they claimed to be a valuable part of the leased property. The board took no action, and when the canals were abandoned on the 1st of December, refused to receive them, and directed the attorney-general to bring suit upon the lessees' bond for the six months' rent due in advance. By consent of both parties, two receivers were appointed, one on behalf of the State, and the other for the lessees, to take charge of and operate the canals until action should be taken by the courts or the Legislature. The adjourned session of the sixty-second General Assembly began January 2d, and closed May 7th, with the sine die adjournment. A large number of acts were passed, among those of most general importance being the compulsory education act, which compels every parent, guardian, or other person having control or charge of a child between the ages of 8 and 14 years, to provide it with a good common school education, at least twelve weeks in each school year; an act providing for the appointment of two commissioners to investigate into the cause, pathology, and best means for prevention and cure of any epidemic disease affecting the live stock of the State; an act to authorize free banking, provided the act should be ratified by the people at the next State election; an act submitting to the people an amendment to the Judicial Article of the Constitution; an act for the protection of wool-growers, and the confiscation of dogs; an act providing for the incorporation of farm laborers' associations; an act creating a bureau of statistics of labor; an act providing for the 554,988 registration of voters; an act establishing a 448,100 school of mines and mine engineering in the $21,145,527 Ohio Agricultural College; an act making important changes in the militia law; and a series of acts adopting the penal part of the codified statutes. The report of the State Commissioner of Common Schools presents the following statistics: Grand total of receipts, including balance on hand, September 1, 1876.. Grand total of expenditures, including salaries Amount of salaries to teachers. of teachers.. $11,632,433 85 23,003 722.240 490 The report of the State Mine Inspector places the number of fatal accidents in Ohio coalmines during the year at 30; the coal out-put (estimated) is equal to 5,125,000 tons, which is one fatal accident for every 170,666 tons of coal mined. The number of underground miners employed during the year is estimated at 13,000, making one death for every 433 men employed. As a means of comparison, statistics of British mining for the same period are given. The deaths in British collieries were 933, being one for every 159,688 tons of coal, or one life lost for each 551 persons employed. On the 12th of January the General Assembly appointed a joint commission of five Representatives and three Senators to investigate the cause of the bridge disaster on the Lake Shore Railroad, at Ashtabula, on the 29th of December previous. The commission reported, March 22d, that the disaster was caused by defects in the original construction of the bridge, which might have been discovered at any time by careful inspection. A joint resolution was adopted, March 30th, indorsing the pacification policy of President Hayes, and |