14.296; Mount Wilson, 14,280; Long's 14,271; Uncompahgre Peak, 14,235; ɔne Peak, 14,233; Mountain of the Holy , 14,176; Mount Sneffels, 14,158; Pike's 14,147; San Luis Peak, 14,100; Culebra 14,079; Mount Ouray, 14,043. → primary triangulation, under Mr. Wilcovered this season about 25,000 square This party established 26 stations, and ed many points by foresight intersections, hich monuments were set up by the secry surveying parties. The area covered e Snake River party's triangulation was 0 square miles; the monuments erected bered 104. This division was under the tion of Henry Garnet, with J. E. Mush, assistant topographer, and Dr. A. C. Peale F. M. Eastman, geologist and assistant gist. Mr. Beckler's party surveyed 6,000 re miles and erected 40 monuments. The laid out for the survey in 1877 included 30,000 square miles, lying mainly in Wyz Territory, but partly in eastern Idaho Utah. It was divided into three districts: Green River and Sweetwater districts to nd as far south as parallel 41° 45', where about meet Clarence King's survey of the parallel, and as far north as the paral3°; the Sweetwater or eastern district was nded on the east by the 107th meridian; the Green River division was bounded on west by the 112th meridian-meridian 109° dividing the two fields. The Snake River sion explored the territory extending to tude 44° 15′ N., and covering the whole a north of the two other districts. During a part of the summer of 1877, the mary triangulation party, under Mr. H. D. son, was engaged in establishing astronom1 locations in the Wind River range of untains in Wyoming Territory. Fremont's ak was found to be situated 15 miles to the rth of the mountain so designated in Captain nes's map, whose true name is Wind River ak. The range extends from the Sweetter River, beginning about latitude 42° 15', gitude 109° W., in a straight line northard to Union Pass; its length is about 75 les. It is the greatest mass of mountains in yoming Territory, and contains the highest aks, unless the unexplored Big Horn Mounns surpass them. In form it is a double rallel ridge of mountains, with connecting ountains or "saddles" running across at short stances apart, thus forming a series of circur links, inclosing deep valleys, each containg a lake, whose waters are frozen over four ths of the year. These valleys contain only few scattered trees around the edges of the kes, which fill nearly the whole of the botoms, the sides of the mountains rising abrupt, sometimes in vertical walls 1,000 to 2,000 eet high. The outer descents of the mounains are in terraces, separated by cañons, with ugged foot-hills below: the traces of glacial action on the most gigantic scale are visible in VOL. XVII.-22 A all the forms of the landscape. The Wind River Mountains yield a larger drainage, in proportion to the extent of their area, than any other system of mountains in the country; the Sweetwater, Wind, Big Horn, Green, and Snake Rivers rise in these mountains, as well as the principal feeders of the Yellowstone, Gros Ventre, and Clarke's Fork of the Columbia. It is the most stormy region in the western country. The mountains consist of granite, with some gneiss. Indications of gold, silver, and other metals were frequent, and every variety of metalliferous quartz was met with. GEORGIA. The regular session of the Legislature of Georgia began at Atlanta on the 10th of January. On the 12th, Alfred H. Colquitt was inaugurated Governor for a term of four years. On the 16th N. C. Bartlett was elected Secretary of State, J. W. Renfroe State Treasurer, W. L. Goldsmith Controller - General, and James P. Harrison State Printer. These officials were chosen by the Legislature in joint convention of the two Houses. A United States Senator was elected for the term of six years, beginning March 4, 1877, to succeed Thomas M. Norwood. Several ballots were taken before an election was made. The first stood 95 for Thomas M. Norwood, 77 for B. H. Hill, 29 for James M. Smith, 10 for H. V. Johnson, and 4 for D. A. Walker. The final and decisive ballot, taken on the 26th of January, was 116 for Hill, 86 for Norwood, 5 for Smith, 5 for Johnson, and 1 for Charles J. Jenkins; and Mr. Hill was elected. Benjamin H. Hill was born in Jasper County, Ga., in 1823, and was educated in the private schools of his native county and the University of Georgia at Athens, where he graduated in 1844. He was admitted to the bar the following year, and practised his profession without interruption for several years. In 1851 he was elected to the Legislature as a Whig, and took a prominent part in its debates. In 1855 he appeared as a leader in the Native American or "Know-Nothing" party. In 1859 he was elected to the Legislature again by the Whigs and "Know-Nothings," and in 1860 supported the Bell and Everett ticket in the national canvass. He was a delegate to the convention that adopted the ordinance of secession, but joined with his old political antagonist, Alexander H. Stephens, in opposing that measure. Having failed to prevent the secession of the State, he yielded to the majority, and took a prominent part in support of the Southern Confederacy, being chosen by the Legislature to the Confederate Senate. After the war he opposed the reconstruction measures, and naturally found himself work. ing in the ranks of the Democratic party, to which he had never before belonged. He was elected to the 44th Congress from the 9th district, to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Garnett McMillan, where his course was generally liberal and conciliatory. His successor was appropriated for the expenses of the convention. The session of the Legislature came to a close on the 22d of February. On the last day the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted: We, the representatives of the people of Georgia in General Assembly met, deem it a duty which we owe to ourselves, our common country, and poster ity, to utter a voice of condemnation as well as of warning, in view of the state of the Republic. The disregard which for years has been shown for the strict letter of the law, has naturally degenerated into a disregard and defiance of its spirit, and we now stand confronted with tremendous peril to liberty itself. Our servants have been our masters, and neither the laws nor the Constitution can protect us. Could reason be left free to combat error, and the people to effect reforms where they are needed, we should be hopeful of the future. But the facts of our present political history declare that the very safeguards of the ballot have been taken away from us by the wicked instrumentalities which have been devised for the purpose of robbing the people of power and free suffrage, and we are powerless to redress our wrongs. The patriotic of all par ties can but feel how earnest the effort was in our up and pulled down at will, and the foundation o justice itself polluted, it does seem that the ove the present state of the Republic the voice of ever throw of our common government is imminent. patriot is needed; apathy is a crime, and silent a quiescence in the conspiracy against our liberties i ruin. recent presidential election to redress the evils which were affecting the country, by a peaceful and honest use of the ballot, and the whole world proves how a wicked oligarchy has defeated the purpose. If fraud no longer vitiates the actions of men or States, then, indeed, are we hopeless of the corrupt and lawless who now hold power and may hold it forever. If the highest tribunal in our land, which we have fondly looked to as the last stronghold of freedom, has declared that frauds on liberty and law must stand unreversed and irreversible, then, indeed, we are a doomed people. With the law trampled upon, the name of State sovereignty a byword of reproach, governments, in the South, at least, set Resolved, by the Senate and House of Represent tives in General Assembly met, That we hereb declare it to be the sense of this Assembly, as well a the firm belief of the people of Georgia, that Samue J. Tilden was fairly elected President of the Unite States for the ensuing four years, and that Thoms A. Hendricks was elected for the same term Vice President, and if they shall fail of a peaceful inau guration, then will the people of the United State have been defrauded of their choice, and a fate blow be given to public honor, and to the stabilit and integrity of the Government. Resolved, by the authority aforesaid, That th General Assembly views with alarm and most de cided condemnation, and hereby enters into a solem protest against, the interference of the authorities of the General Government with the full exercise of the ballot in the several States, whether that inter ference is manifested in the control of returning boards, or in the presence of United States troop at the polls, or in the arbitrary elevation of its fa vorites to supreme power in place of those chosen by the people. There were 409 acts and 17 resolutions them were of purely local concern. passed during the session, but nearly all of Many county lines were changed, and a large num ber of acts related to county courts, the sale of liquor in certain localities, municipal affairs special corporations, and other matters of local administration. Among the few general laws was one "To prevent joint stock companies, orations, and other associations, from deng dividends when they have not realized come on investment," and one "To prethe maintaining or carrying on of any ry in this State." e question of holding the constitutional ention excited a good deal of interest, and sioned considerable discussion prior to the tion, which was held on the 12th of June. result was 87,238 votes cast: for the ention, 48,181; against the convention, 57; majority for the convention, 9,124. Governor issued a proclamation, calling n the delegates chosen to meet at the Ca1, in Atlanta, on the 11th day of July. The ention assembled at the time appointed, promptly organized, with ex-Governor kins as President. Robert Toombs was irman of the Committee on Revision, and ong the delegates were many of the most spicuous public men in the State. The vention continued its session until the 25th August, when the Constitution as completed sadopted as a whole by a unanimous vote, Ian ordinance passed requiring the Govor to "issue his proclamation ordering an ction for members of the General Assembly, a vote upon the ratification or rejection the Constitution as therein provided, and a ce upon the capital and homestead questions provided by ordinances of this convention." e matters which had occupied the largest are of attention, and occasioned most discusn, were the Bill of Rights, the provisions reding the elective franchise, the location of e capital, the mode of selecting judges of Supreme and Superior Courts, and the ad=tment of the financial obligations of the ate. The preamble of the Constitution is as lows: To perpetuate the principles of free government, ure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the inest and happiness of the citizen, and to transmit posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we, the people Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidce of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this onstitution. Among the declarations of the Bill of Rights, omprising Article I. are the following: SECTION I.-1. All government, of right, originates ith the people, is founded upon their will only, and instituted solely for the good of the whole. Pubofficers are the trustees and the servants of the eople, and at all times amenable to them. 2. Protection to person and property is the paraount duty of government, and shall be impartial nd complete. 3. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or roperty, except by due process of law. 4. No person shall be deprived of the right to proseute or defend his own cause in any of the courts of his State, in person, by attorney, or both. 7. Neither banishment beyond the limits of the State, nor whipping, as a punishment for crime, shall be allowed. 13. No inhabitant of this State shall be molested En person or property, or prohibited from holding any public office, or trust, on account of his religious opinions; but the right of liberty of conscience shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the State. 14. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or indirectly, in aid of any church, sect, or denomination of religionists, or of any sec tarian institution. 15. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain the liberty of speech of the press; any person may speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. 17. There shall be within the State of Georgia neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, save as a punishment for crime, after legal conviction thereof. 18. The social status of the citizen shall never be the subject of legislation. 21. There shall be no imprisonment for debt. 25. All citizens of the United States, resident in this State, are hereby declared citizens of this State, and it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to enact such laws as will protect them in the full enjoyment of the rights, privileges, and immunities due to such citizenship. SEC. II.-4. All lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets are hereby prohibited; and this prohibition shall be enforced by penal laws. 5. Lobbying is to be declared a crime, and the General Assembly shall enforce this provision by suitable penalties. 6. The General Assembly shall have the power to provide for the punishment of fraud; and shall provide, by law, for reaching the property of the debtor concealed from the creditor. SEC. IV.-1. Laws of a general nature shall have uniform operation throughout the State, and no special law shall be enacted in any case for which provision has been made by any existing general law. No general law affecting private rights shall be varied in any particular case by special legislation, except with the free consent, in writing, of all persons to be affected thereby; and no person under legal disability to contract is capable of such consent. 2. Legislative acts in violence of this Constitution, or the Constitution of the United States, are void, and the judiciary shall so declare them. SEC. V.-1. The people of this State have the inherent, sole, and exclusive right of regulating their internal government, and the police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their Constitution whenever it may be necessary for their safety and happiness. Article II. relates to the elective franchise. It provides that the vote at all elections shall be by ballot, and defines the qualifications of voters as follows: 2. Every male citizen of the United States (except as hereinafter provided), twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in this State one year next preceding the election, and shall have resided six months in the county in which he offers to vote, and shall have paid all taxes which may hereafter be required of him, and which he may have had an opportunity of paying, agreeably to law, except for the year of the election, shall be deemed an elector: Provided, that no soldier, sailor, or marine in the military or naval service of the United States shall acquire the rights of an elector by reason of being stationed on duty in this State; and no persons shall vote who, if challenged, shall refuse to take the following oath or affirmation: "I do swear (or affirm) that I am twenty-one years of age, have resided in this State one year, and in this county six months, next preceding this election. I have paid all taxes which, since the adoption of the present Constitution of this State, have been required of me previous to this year, and which I have had opportunity to pay, and that I have not voted at this election."" The General Assembly is authorized to provide for the registration of voters; but the fol wing classes of persons shall not be permitted o register, vote, or hold any office, or appointent of honor or trust, in this State, to wit: Those who shall have been convicted, in ny court of competent jurisdiction, of treason gainst the State, of embezzlement of public inds, malfeasance in office, bribery or larceny, r of any crime involving moral turpitude, punhable by the laws of this State with imprisonent in the penitentiary, unless such person hall have been pardoned. 2. Idiots and inne persons. Other important provisions of this article re as follows: SECTION IV.-1. No person who is the holder of y public money, contrary to law, shall be eligible any office in this State, until the same is accounted r and paid into the Treasury. 2. No person who, after the adoption of this Conitution, being a resident of this State, shall have een convicted of fighting a duel in this State, or nvicted of sending or accepting a challenge, or old office in this State, unless he shall have been nvicted of aiding or abetting such duel, shall rdoned; and every such person shall, also, be bject to such punishment as may be prescribed by SEC. V.-1. The General Assembly shall, by law, W. L-1. The power and authority ad freight, and passenger tariffs. Erminations, and requiring re ses of freight and passenger tar nferred upon the General Assembly l be to pass laws, from time to height and passenger tariffs, to prol ations on the various railroad ad to prohibit said railroads from rajast and reasonable rates, and ent equate penalties. Geral Assembly of this State s eto authorize any corporation to buy Article III. relates to the legislative department. The Senate consists of 44 members, one from each district, and all the districts are defined; but the General Assembly may change them after each census of the United States, without increasing the number. The House of Representatives consists of 175 members, apportioned among the several counties; the 6 with the largest population having 3 each; the 26 having the next largest population, 2 each; and the remaining 105 counties, 1 each. The first election for members of the Generaly other corporation in this er to make any contract, or ag Assembly was to take place on the first Wed-ith any such corporation, which nesday in December, 1877. The next on the be intended to have the effect, first Wednesday in October, 1880; and subsecompetition, or to encourage mo quently, every two years, on the first Wednes-tracts and agreements shall day in October. The first meeting of the Legis-road company shall give, or lature was fixed for the first Wednesday in No-ons in the nature thereof, dir vember, 1878; and subsequent meetings on the, do any act to mislead or dec same day every two years; but an extra session the real rates charged or rece might be called by the Governor, if, in his opinal wid: and these prohibitions shin jassage; and any such payment of the Legislature are limited to 40 days, unless provision of this article shall be ion, the public good should require it. Sessions suitable penalties. extended by a "two-thirds vote of the whole impair the obligation of number of each House." The following re- made by the State of Georgi General Assembly shall enforce t rbid the sale, distribution, or furnishing of intoxifing drinks within two miles of election-precincts, days of election-State, county, or municipalnd prescribe punishment for any violation of the SEC. VI.-1. Returns of election for all civil ected by the people, who are to be commissioned eneral Assembly, shall be made to the Secretary of the Governor, and, also, for the members of the cate, unless otherwise provided by law. saricle by appropriate legislat taxes required of him, shall have a seat in either nor any defaulter for public money, or for any legal House; nor shall any Senator or Representative, after occurs in 1880. The returns of t le V. deals with the executive The Governor is to be elected two years, and after a secon relected within a period dection of Governor under t salary is fixed at $3,000 per fr Governor are to be made to the the Senate, and Speaker of the sentatives, without being didate having a majority of the of votes is to be declared elect candidate receives such majori el Assembly must elect one of t the highest number of votes. dible for Governor unless he i ge, and has been a citizen States 16 years, and of the S ir years. In case of vacan at of the Senate is to exercise th wer until the vacancy is filled. his death, resignation, or inabil d the House will act as Go may be made for filling un special election. The Gov fee is as follows: "I do s firm, as the case may be) tha execute the office of Governo Georgia, and will, to the best s qualification as such, be elected by the General 10 cents a mile of necessary travel. The fol-eserve, protect, and defend th ssembly, or appointed by the Governor, either with lowing section is contained in the legislative thereof, and the Constitution States of America." mary powers and duties on the executive. If a per to office by him is rejected rictly guarded. Restrictions are also placed erty, and not be liable for the debts of her husband.le cannot be reappointed dur the passage of special bills. The per diem E compensation is fixed at $4, and mileage at or the recess following Article IV. relates to the power of taxation, duty of the Governor, quarte and contains the following provisions: ON II.-1. The power and authority of reguailroad, freight, and passenger tariffs, prevent ust discriminations, and requiring reasonable t rates of freight and passenger tariffs, are conferred upon the General Assembly, whose shall be to pass laws, from time to time, to e freight and passenger tariffs, to prohibit unscriminations on the various railroads of this and to prohibit said railroads from charging han just and reasonable rates, and enforce the y adequate penalties. he General Assembly of this State shall have bid. No provision of this article shall be deemed, or taken to impair the obligation of any conheretofore made by the State of Georgia. The General Assembly shall enforce the proas of this article by appropriate legislation. ticle V. deals with the executive departE. The Governor is to be elected for a of two years, and after a second term ot be reelected within a period of four 3. His salary is fixed at $3,000 per annum. first election of Governor under the Contion occurs in 1880. The returns of the elecfor Governor are to be made to the Presiof the Senate, and Speaker of the House Representatives, without being opened. candidate having a majority of the whole ber of votes is to be declared elected, and o candidate receives such majority, the eral Assembly must elect one of the two ng the highest number of votes. No peris eligible for Governor unless he is thirty s of age, and has been a citizen of the ted States 16 years, and of the State of orgia six years. In case of vacancy, the sident of the Senate is to exercise the execwe power until the vacancy is filled, and in of his death, resignation, or inability, the aker of the House will act as Governor. vision may be made for filling unexpired ms by special election. The Governor's ch of office is as follows: "I do solemnly ear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will thfully execute the office of Governor of the ate of Georgia, and will, to the best of my ility, preserve, protect, and defend the Contution thereof, and the Constitution of the nited States of America." The customary powers and duties are imsed upon the executive. If a person apinted to office by him is rejected by the enate, he cannot be reappointed during the me session or the recess following. It is ade the duty of the Governor, quarterly, and tener, if he deems it expedient," to examine under oath the Treasurer and Controller-General of the State on all matters pertaining to their respective offices, and to inspect and review their books and accounts." The Secretary of State, Controller-General, and Treasurer are to be elected at the same time, and in the same manner, as the Governor. The salary of each is $2,000 a year, and he must have been a resident of the State at least six years. Article VI. relates to the judiciary. The Supreme Court consists of a chief-justice and two associate justices, whose term of office is six years. After 1880, these are to be elected by the Legislature. It is altogether a court of appellate jurisdiction. There is a Judge of Superior Courts in each circuit, holding office for four years. These are also to be elected by the Legislature. Superior Courts are required to sit in each county at least twice a year. Provision is made for minor courts and judicial officers. Article VII. is entitled "Finance, Taxation, and the Public Debt." Exemption from taxation is provided as follows: SECTION II.-2. The General Assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation all public property, places of religious worship or burial, all institutions of purely public charity, all buildings erected for and used as a college, incorporated academy, or other seminary of learning, the real and personal estate of any public library, and that of any other literary association, used by or connected with such library, all books and philosophical apparatus, and all paintings and statuary of any company or association kept in a public hall and not held as merchandise, or for purposes of sale or gain: Provided, the property so exempted be not used for purposes of private or corporate profit or income. Restrictions upon the contraction of debt are provided in the following sections: SECTION III.-1. No debt shall be contracted by or on behalf of the State except to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection and defend the State in time of war, or to pay the existing public debt; but the debt created to supply deficiencies in revenue shall not exceed, in the aggregate, two hundred thousand dollars. SEC. IV.-1. All laws authorizing the borrowing of money by or on behalf of the State shall specify the purposes for which the money is to be used, and the money so obtained shall be used for the purpose specified and for no other. SEC. V.-1. The credit of the State shall not be pledged or loaned to any individual, company, corporation, or association, and the State shall not become a joint owner or stockholder in any company, association, or corporation. SEC. VII.-1. The debt hereafter incurred by any county, municipal corporation, or political division of this State, except as in this Constitution provided for, shall never exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of all the taxable property therein, and no such county, municipality or division shall incur any new debt, except for a temporary loan or loans to supply casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of one per centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, without the assent of two-thirds of the qualified voters thereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law; but any city, the debt of which does not exceed seven per centum of the assessed value of the taxable property at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, may be authorized by law |