the following ethical principles in relation to the teachers whose work he observes professionally.

1. He should express an opinion upon the work observed following each professional visit.

2. He should recommend ways to remove every fault pointed out and allow reasonable opportunity for improvement. 3. He should not criticise a teacher before other teachers or before pupils.

4. He should just as certainly and just as unfailingly point out the excellences as the faults of the work observed. 5. He should give ample opportuity for conference previous to observation of the teacher's work.

(d) A superintendent or other supervisory officer should be ready and willing at any time to answer official inquiries from prospective employers concerning the qualifications of any teacher under him and should be willing to write to any interested party, at the request of a teacher, giving a statement of the teacher's professional record under him, but evasive or equivocal letters of recommendation should not be given.

9. Relations to Parents.-(a) Teachers should maintain co-operative relations with parents and should meet criticism with open-mindedness and courtesy.

(b) Teachers should not discuss the physical, mental, moral or financial limitations of their pupils in such a way as to embarrass the pupils or parents unnecessarily. Nevertheless they should exercise the utmost candor, as well as tact, in their communications with parents on matters of real importance. Information concerning the home conditions of the pupils should be held in confidence by the teachers.

10. Relations to Publishers and Supply Houses.-No member of the profession should act as an agent, or receive a commission, a royalty or anything else of value for any books or supplies in the purchase of which he exercises official decision.

11. Teachers' Agencies.-The profession should unhesitatingly condemn teachers' agencies that encourage teachers to break their contracts, that work for the appointment or promotion of unqualified teachers or that make recommendations for positions not known positively to be vacant. Any member of the profession who has knowledge of such action should report it to the Commission on Professional Ethics.

12. Loyalty to School Boards.—(a) It is the duty of every member of the profession in a school system to recognize the legal authority of the board of directors and to be loyal to its policies established in accordance therewith.

(b) If, however, the attitude of a school board should

clearly and persistently be such as to prevent the members of the profession employed by it from serving the best interests of the pupils, and if repeated efforts to remedy the situation have been without avail, then an appeal should be made to the Commission on Professional Ethics.

year.

13. Commission on Professional Ethics.-(a) There shall be a Commission on Professional Ethics operating under the Pennsylvania State Education Association. This Commission shall consist of the President of the Association ex officio and four members of the profession, appointed by the President, with terms of four years each, one term expiring on July first each (b) It shall be the duty of this Commission to study the various problems of professional ethics arising from time to time, to give to inquiring members of the profession its interpretation of the meaning of various principles in this code, to arrange for investigations rendered advisable in connection with this code, to take such action in regard to their findings as may be deemed wise, to make recommendations to the State Education Association as to amendments or additions to the code and in general to have oversight of all questions arising in connection with the ethics of the teaching profession within the state.

VIRGINIA STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION

Adopted November 1923:

CODE OF ETHICS

Regarding our pupils-As teachers, we first of all acknowledge our obligation to our pupils. It is our duty to give them what we ourselves have received and to make them what we ought to be. We are paid to help them; they give us the inspiration of trusting confidence and growing powers; and if our lives are to be immortal here and count in the great contests of the future, it must be so, it can be so, only through our pupils.

Regarding our employers-1. Generally, our employers are the parents and guardians of our pupils; specifically, they are the local boards of trustees, the superintendents, principals, and other school officials-all servants of the people—whose business it is to put us into our places, to keep us at our work, to provide proper equipment, and to see that our salaries are paid.

2. To our patrons, the parents and guardians of our pupils, we owe courtesy, consideration, and impartial justice. On

the other hand, from them we rightly expect sympathy, reasonableness, coöperation, and financial as well as moral support. 3. To trustees, superintendents, and principals we owe all frankness and honesty, as well as due respect, through the rules and regulations they have made.

4. In applying for a position, a teacher should urge only the claims of professional fitness. Character, personal power, scholarship, and teaching skill shall be regarded as our only legitimate claims to consideration. The use of any religious, political, or fraternal influence shall be regarded as distinctly unprofessional.

5. In giving references for scholarship and teaching skill, we should expect consideration to be given only to the opinions of educational experts. In giving references for character and personal power, we have a right to expect that the judgment of any intelligent person, in or out of the profession, who has had adequate opportunity for acquaintance and observation, shall be credited at full value.

6. Teachers signing contracts to teach should regard these contracts as sacred and as binding as any other contracts and should endeavor to carry them out to the full letter and spirit. 7. A teacher should not give up a position in which she is expected to work without first giving the school authorities concerned definite notice. This notice should be given as long in advance as may be necessary to fill the vacated place without serious loss.

8. School boards, on their part, should always give a teacher definite notice in due time, if they expect to award the position to another.

9. When a teacher is elected to a position, whether in town or country, she should look upon herself as the permanent incumbent, and should be so regarded by others. If she desire to change her place of work, from year to year, she should give notice in advance; and if the board desire to supplant her at the end of a session it should give her definite notice in due time.

Regarding the general public-The teacher is a public servant, and should regard her service in promoting the general welfare of her community as her supreme office. Her work in the schoolroom is only a part of her work; the homes of the people, their churches, their fields and workshops, and their places of social entertainment are all within the proper sphere of her activities and influence.

Regarding the profession-1. No teacher has a right to lower the dignity of the profession by poor scholarship or unbecoming habits, or to bring reproach upon herself or any other

individual by improper word or act. It is the duty of the teacher to honor her profession with noble service and to raise its power by doing her full share in the promotion of trustworthiness and efficiency.

2. The profession has a right to demand adequate salaries, but must never trim the limits of service on account of small pay. Every profession is expected to give more than it receives, otherwise it can lay no just claim to professional character; it is merely a business.

3. The profession has a right to social pleasure and to social recognition, but must never allow mere social functions to absorb the energies that of right belong to classes and school organizations.

4. The profession has a right to expect a provision on the part of school authorities that will enable teachers to attend summer schools and educational conferences without financial loss. The teacher should have an income every month in the year. But when such provision is made the teacher must not prove recreant to the trust by wasting her vacation in frivolity, or by diverting her attention to interests not contemplated in the generous provisions accorded her.

Regarding ourselves-The teacher, like the worthy member of every profession, must constantly act upon the principle, "Love thyself last." But this does not mean that she dare not enjoy her work or find great pleasure in life. Her chief aim is to give rather than to get; but he who gives, like him who forgives, is twice blest; and the true teacher receives her greatest rewards in the honor and love of those whom she faithfully serves. She has a reward that the world knows not of. The efficiency of her pupils is her own life made long; but for this glory she must give her life-not all her life, perhaps, but all her life while she is in the service.

For such a service the teacher must look upon her hands and heart, upon her voice, her beauty, her manner, her dress, her speech, all as having ethical values, as well as her mind and spirit. In using her powers best for the welfare of others she finds most happiness for herself. Her great lesson for the world is that the best things come to us while we seek other things.

TELEPHONES

UNITED STATES INDEPENDENT TELEPHONE
ASSOCIATION

Adopted Oct. 26, 1923:

CODE OF ETHICS

SECTION I

Declarations Governing Our Relations with Those From Whom We Buy

1. Recognizing the mutual dependence existing between the operators and the manufacturers of telephone equipment, and dealers in supplies, we seek to promote the co-operation, good will and personal friendship that is the necessary basis of mutual understanding.

2. Trust and honesty are to be observed in all dealings. No misleading statements are to be made to secure lower prices, nor are the prices of competitive firms to be shown to each other. 3. The seller who quotes the lower price, other considerations of quality and service being equal, deserves the business; it is not to be given to his competitor at the same figure.

4. An order once placed and accepted is not subject to cancellation, except for a change in circumstances, and in no case because of a decline in prices or the opportunity to buy more cheaply.

5. Discounts for cash can be taken only if payment is made within the time limit specified.

6. All bills for purchases shall be paid according to specified terms of sale. If long-term payments are desired, a legitimate interest charge shall be paid for the accommodation. 7. Arbitrary adjustments of bills for any cause whatsoever without notice is unethical.

8. The purchasing agent shall not accept for himself or others any gratuity, commission, allowance, or any indirect profit in connection with any purchases.

9. As a necessary factor in the maintenance of ethical business standards with those from whom we buy, we will make an effort to give business preference to those who uphold such standards as against those who manifestly ignore them.