Facilities for small-scale experimental work: Constant-head supply tanks. First floor: Supply from 40-foot diameter steel forebay, through 30-inch supply line running length of building and available for supplying the second as well as the first story experiments.24 First floor: Supply from concrete forebay through 30 and 20 inch pipe line under the first floor. Second floor: One large constant-head tank of 3 compartments for supplying 20, 10, and 10 cubic feet per second, respectively. Third floor: One small constant-head tank of 2 compartments for supplying up to 10 cubic feet per second each.25 20 Test pits very few, borings inconclusive. The term "firm" rock, as used by the Bureau staff in designating the character of the rock upon which they propose to rest the 21 The ground covered by the Bureau is shown by size of trees to be in the same state (free of dumped material) as when Bureau of Standards was established. The weight 23 J. R. Freeman regards it highly desirable that the large centrifugal pump be so placed and so provided with windows for observations on cavitation and turbulence that it can add It seems plain to John R. Freeman, from inspection, that the Bureau of Standards' design No. 2 per plans of February 3, 1931, contained so much more concrete and intricate form work, that it will be more costly (possibly $50,000 in excess of John R. Freeman's design No. 4), and therefore that it will have to be cut greatly from plans as sketched on February 3, thereby rendering the laboratory of the Bureau's design still more inferior in capacity for large-scale fundamental research to the John R. Freeman design. QUICK-SWINGING DIVERTING GATE AT END OF MAIN FLUME VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES THE PROGRAM OF COOPERATION OF THE PRESENTED BY MR. SHEPPARD FEBRUARY 17 (calendar day, FEBRUARY 26), 1931.-Ordered UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1931 SD-71-3-VOL 15-22 PREPARED BY GEORGE J. SCHULZ LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE SERVICE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS H. H. B. MEYER, DIRECTOR VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES1 In 1926, the last year for which the United States Bureau of Education has complete data, there was expended in the United States, including a part of the Philippine Islands and Hawaii, for all kinds of education elementary, high-school, and college—more than $3,000,000,000. Of this total there was expended for vocational education by the Federal, State, and local governments $23,181,700, or just a fraction less than nine-tenths of 1 per cent of the whole. Stated in other terms this means an expenditure of only $1 for vocational education for each $100 expended for education of all kinds. Of a total population of approximately 123,000,000 persons in 1930, approximately 45,000,000 are engaged in gainful occupations. Of this 45,000,000, 92 per cent work with their hands, the remaining 8 per cent being made up of the professional, the executive, and the managerial groups. In designating certain workers as those who work with their hands it is not meant to draw any fast and hard line of demarcation between the professional and the so-called nonprofessional groups. As a matter of fact, both groups are engaged in the exercise of both mental and manual faculties, with emphasis ranging from a preponderance of the manual faculties on one end of the scale graduated to a preponderance of mental faculties on the other. Certainly it is not correct to say that those who are engaged in pursuits which require a preponderance of the exercise of the manual faculties can perform their duties without training which simultaneously involves the exercise of their mental faculties. The distinction is one rather of convenience than of characterization. It is not true of any employment, however humble and manual in character that no exercise of intelligence is involved, nor on the other hand is there any employment however largely administrative or executive it may be which does not involve some manual or physical exertion. All work requires some intelligence and training or experience, some work requires much training and experience. Moreover, it is true that one way of training the brain is through training the hand, and one way of training the hand is through training the brain. There is no artificial separation in the human physique of brawn and brain. They must be trained and exercised together. Of the 45,000,000 persons gainfully employed under normal conditions it is estimated that to-day more than 4,000,000, or approximately 10 per cent, are without employment of any kind, being economically dependent either upon their families or public or private charity. From fairly reliable sources the number of unemployed has been given as varying from between four to six millions. The exact number is not known. And yet, as indicated, the United States expends 1 This study prepared at, and in accordance with, the request of Senator Morris Sheppard, is based upon the researches of the Federal Board for Vocational Education and the President's Employment Commission. |