Erection and Inspection

of Iron and Steel

Constructions

WRITTEN FOR THE USE OF

ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS AND BUILDERS AND for

CIVIL SERVICE CANDIDATES FOR THE POSI-

TION OF INSPECTOR OF IRON AND STEEL

By L. M. BERNFELD, C. E.

Former Inspector of Iron and Steel Construction for the
Bureau of Buildings, New York City.

Copyright 1913
By L. M. BERNFELD

NEW YORK
432

B4

To my mother
Bella

to whose untired devotion I largely owe whatever little I may possess in education, kindness and intellectual am= bition, this book is most affectionately dedicated.

308663

CONTENTS

PART ONE.

CHAPTER I.-Definitions and General Introduction.

Stresses and strains. Elastic limit and ultimate strength.

of elasticity. Factors of safety. Working unit stresses.

of linear expansion.

CHAPTER II.-Practical Problems on Stresses and Strains.

Modulus

Coefficient

Table of properties of Cast Iron, Wrought Iron and Steel. Thirty-

one problems with answers or completely solved.

CHAPTER III.-The Manufacture of Iron and Steel.

Classi-

Effects

CAST IRON.-Definition. Manufacture. The blast furnace.

fication. Properties. Fracture of good and poor cast iron.

of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon and sulphur. Common

defects in cast iron. Blowholes, honeycomb, cavities, shrinkage, warp-

ing, cold shuts, surface defects. Inspection of cast iron. Laboratory.

tests. Shop inspection. Shop inspection of cast iron water pipes.

Advantages and disadvantages of cast iron.

WROUGHT IRON.-Definition. Manufacture. The puddling process.

Properties. Effects of cold rolling, annealing and impurities. Frac-

tures of good and bad wrought iron. Cold short and red short iron.

Common defects in wrought iron. Inspection of wrought iron. Lab-

oratory tests. Advantages and disadvantages of wrought iron.

STEEL.-Definition. Manufacture. The Crucible process. The Open

Hearth process. The Bessemer process. Properties. High, medium

and low carbon steel. Effects of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sili-

con and sulphur. Fracture of good and bad steel. Nickel steel.

Cast steel. Common defects in steel. Blow holes, pipes, burns,

cracks, laps. seams, stars, cobbles. Inspection of steel. Laboratory

tests. Tensile test. Cold bending. Hot bending. Drifting, harden-

ing, forging, welding and quenching tests.

CHAPTER IV.-Shop and Mill Inspection of Iron and Steel.

Shop operations. Straightening, punching, reaming, riveting, facing,

boring, fitting up, painting. Marking. Special operations and their

effects upon iron and steel. Heating. Welding. Forging. Harden-

ing. Tempering. Annealing. Punching and Shearing. Upsetting.

Caulking.

CHAPTER V.-Riveting.

Definition. Material. Manufacture. Length of rivets. Form of

rivets. Fitting connections. Drift pin and drifting. Effects of

drifting. Riveters and their output. Tools used in riveting. Dolly

bar, snap, buster. Steamboat ratchet. Heating rivets. Rules for

good riveting. Hand riveting. Machine riveting. Machine vs. hand

riveting. Shop and field rivets. Rivets vs. bolts. Riveting column.

splices. Specifications. Deceitful work and its detection. Testing

rivets. Loose rivets and defective rivets.

CHAPTER VI.-Specifications.

General outline. Specifications regulating quality, shopwork, erec-

tion and inspection. Manufacturer's Standard specifications. Com-

plete specifications for a loft building.

CHAPTER VII.-Field Inspection of Minor Structures.

Work of iron inspectors in the field. Inspection of store front

alterations. Inspection before setting. Wrought iron beams. Sec-

ond hand material. Separators. Common defects and their results.

Strapping of iron work. Defective strapping. Templates. Size of

templates for steel beams. Defective templates. Wall anchors.

Store front alterations involving columns. Common defects and vio-

lations of the law.

CHAPTER VIII-Hoisting Iron Work in the Field.

Definitions. Cranes and Derricks. Shear-poles. Setting derricks.
Power for derricks. Stresses in derricks.