CHAPTER IX.-Iron in Retaining Walls and Footings.

Three kinds of retaining walls. Piers for columns. Bearing capac-

ity. Inspection of piers. Piers in caissons. Grillage. Bolting grill-

age beams. Setting and grouting.

CHAPTER X.-Cast Iron Bases and Their Inspection.

Method of testing in the field. Repeated inspections. Setting cast

iron bases.

CHAPTER XI.-Cast Iron and Steel Columns.

Deceitful

CAST IRON COLUMNS. Eccentricity. Cracked columns.

work. Correct remedies. Honeycomb and sand holes. Their detec-

tion. Milling. Use of shims. Painting. Bolting, Plumbing up.

STEEL COLUMNS.-Lengths, Temporary bolting. Erection and

temporary bracing. Riveting. Milling. Incorrect lengths and reme-

dies for same.

CHAPTER XII-Beams and Girders.

Their uses. Wall beams. Floor beams. Tie beams. Struts. Con-

nections. Connections of beams to steel columns. Connections of

beams to cast iron columns.

CHAPTER XIII.-Sidewalk Beams.

Uses. Loading. Framing. Defective work. Incorrect elevation.

Slope. Wrong setting. Anchors and plates. Vault framing. Old

vaults. Requirements of City ordinances. Hoist guides.

CHAPTER XIV.-Stairways and Fire Escapes.

Supervision by

the

Erection and inspection of stairways. Definitions. Outside fire
escapes. Buildings requiring fire escapes.
Bureau of Buildings. Regulations of the Bureau of Fire Preven-
tion for construction of fire escapes. Location. Balconies. Railings.
Stairways, Brackets, Drop ladders. Goose neck ladders. Scuttle
ladders. Painting.

CHAPTER XV.-Roof Tanks.

Pressure tanks. Location.

Tank towers and

Uses. House tanks. Gravity tanks.
Beams supporting tanks. Capacity of tanks.
bolting. Wind braces and anchorage. Saddles.

PART TWO.

CHAPTER XVI.-Permit to Build.

How to obtain a permit. Plans and specifications. Permits for new

buildings. Permits for alterations. Slip applications. Approval of

plans. Complete application for erection of brick buildings with

over sixty questions fully answered.

CHAPTER XVII.-The Building Code.

List of sections relating to iron work. Full text of sections of the

Code relating to iron and steel specifications, erection and inspection.

CHAPTER XVIII.-Building Code Index.

For a quick reference to sections relating to iron work.

CHAPTER XIX.-Special Regulations of the Bureau of Buildings.

Projections beyond building line. Ornamental columns, steps, mould-

ings, rustications, marquises and awnings. Electric signs. Moving

picture booths.

CHAPTER XX.-Extracts From the State Labor Laws and the

Sanitary Code.

Relating to construction of iron and steel work. Inspection of scaf-

Accidents. Penalties.

folding, ropes, blocks, pulleys and tackles.

Insecure scaffolding.

Malfeasance

The Sanitary code.

and Nonfeasance.

Planking.

CHAPTER XXI.-Extracts From the Rules and Regulations of the

Bureau of Buildings.

Relative to Iron Inspectors. Hours of duty. Violations of Law.

Reports. Complaints. Inspections. Use of official badge.

CHAPTER XXII.-Reports.

General remarks. Daily journal reports. Reports on violations of

law. Reports in full form. Digests of reports on violations of

Labor Laws. Digests of over fifty reports on violations of provisions
of the laws relating to iron work. Special reports in full form.
Report on complaint. Report on encumbering fire exit. Dismissing
a violation. Report on working without a permit. Report for dis-
missal of a violation. Report on defective ladders. Report on dan-
gerous construction. Report on defective work about to be covered
up. Final report of completion of work. Monthly report of progress
of steel work on an important building.

CHAPTER XXIII.-Questions and Answers.

For previous Civil Service examinations for Inspector of Iron and

Steel construction.

First paper questions: Technical. Arithmetic.

Second paper questions: Technical. Arithmetic. Report.

First paper answers: Technical. Arithmetic.

Second paper answers: Technical. Arithmetic. Report.

PART THREE.

CHAPTER XXIV.-Explanation of Tables.

Wire and sheet metal gauges. Determining gauges.

Shearing and bearing value of rivets. Length of rivets.

Properties of American Standard and Special beams.

Moment of Inertia. Radius of Gyration. Section Modulus.

Properties of American Standard and Special channels.

Properties of Standard and Special Angles.

Definitions.

Properties of Bethlehem I Beams and Bethlehem Girder Beams.

Comparison with standard beams.

Properties of Bethlehem H Columns. Advantages and disadvantages.

Safe loads for beams, channels and angles. Uniform loads. Concen-

trated loads. Design of beams.

Safe loads on channels set flatwise.

Safe loads for Cast Iron Columns. Design of cast iron columns.

Design of steel columns.

Safe loads for standard shapes used as struts. Maximum unsup-

ported length for various shapes.

Cylindrical tanks and their capacity.

Conversion tables. Decimals of an inch for each 1-32. Decimals

of a foot for each 1-16.

CHAPTER XXV.

Tables.

Twenty ready reference tables for field use.

INDEX.

PREFACE

The purpose of this publication is three fold:

First: To present before practical builders some essential technical facts, necessary to a better understanding of the qualities and defects of Iron and Steel as used in construction work.

Second: To form a ready reference book for Architects, Engineers and Inspectors, for use in the field, in figuring the strength of beams, columns, and connections.

Third: It will prove a valuable aid to students in engineering and to candidates for Civil Service Examinations for the position of Inspector of Iron and Steel Constructions.

Some of the information following is extracted from excellent volumes on architecture, metallurgy, fabrication, designing, erection and superintendence. Much of the material, however, is entirely original, being based upon results of actual inspections made by the author in his former capacity.

Lupescu M. Bernfeld.

New York City, December, 1912.