Beam Connections. All beams resting on walls must be securely anchored by means of approved anchors built into the wall. Under ends of all wall bearing beams steel templates shall be provided to distribute the load on the wall.

Separators. Separators must be provided for all double beams. Where double beams of the same size take unequal loads, milled cast iron separators fitting tight against the flanges of beams shall be provided. Other separators may be of heavy gas pipe with 34 inch bolts made tight. All separators are shown in detail on plans.

Tie-rods. Tie-rods 34 inch in diameter must be provided on all floors, and 5% inch in diameter in roof, as shown on plans. Each tie-rod must be made with two nuts, one on each end. Bent tie-rods must be rejected.

General. The purpose and intention of these specifications is to provide for complete work, including all necessary details and connections requisite for erection and safety, and for the development of the full strength of the structure. Such details are to be considered as specified, and are to be provided by the iron contractor without extra charge.

ERECTION.

Safety. All erection work shall be done in a safe and careful manner, and all the provisions of the State Labor Laws and City Ordinances relating to safety and erection of buildings shall be complied with.

Accidents. The contractor is to take upon himself all accident liabilities resulting from the erection of the iron work.

Bracing. Whenever the masonry is more than three tiers behind the steel work the contractor must put in temporary timber braces or steel cables or guys to keep all the iron work plumb until the walls are in place. This must be done to the entire satisfaction of the architect.

Setting Iron. In handling and setting iron pieces due care should be exercised to prevent beams and columns from falling, in order to avoid bending and heavy shocks. In driving and bending iron, wooden mauls should be used in preference to iron hammers whenever possible.

Bases. All bases for columns must be set to exact centre and to exact height, and no variation greater than 1/16 inch from the correct position will be allowed. The masonry contractor will bed all bases in position.

Columns. All columns must be set plumb and in proper line, and not less than 50 per cent. of all holes in column

splices must be filled in with 34 inch temporary bolts as soon as each column is in place.

Beams. All beams must be set level unless otherwise indicated on plans. The elevation of wall beams and lintels is indicated on plans.

Derrick. The mast of the derrick must at all times be securely tied with steel guy ropes properly anchored. All beam and column connections immediately under the derrick shall be fully bolted before any iron is hoisted. The block under the mast shall be kept in place by solid timber braces and steel ropes. All iron work must be hoisted in a safe manner to avoid accidents.

Overloading. All possible cases of overloading must be avoided, and loads stressing any piece beyond the allowable working stresses will not be allowed. Beams supporting the derrick shall be shored at the mid-length with solid timber posts supported by beams on the tier below the derrick, in order to avoid overloading.

INSPECTION.

General. Before the commencement of casting or rolling the manufacturer must give the inspector due notice to that effect. All facilities should be given throughout the manufacturing processes for an adequate inspection. All pieces must be inspected by daylight, and all material shall be turned over for inspection on all sides at the request of the inspector.

Identification. All pieces must be marked for identification with the number of the original furnace heat, except that for pieces used to carry small loads the inspector may waive this requirement. All rejected material shall also be identified by permanent marks.

Stock. No stock material will be allowed as a substitute for new rolled material except in case of pieces used to carry small loads or when the material was tested and identified as above, and the inspector can judge as to its quality from undoubted records.

Records. Manufacturers shall keep open for the inspector all books or records giving information as to the quality of materials, and shall furnish the inspector with records of chemical analyses and copies of shipping invoices.

Manufacturers will give at least two days' notice before each shipment to the architect or his inspector. Manufacturers will also provide all reasonable facilities for a proper inspection.

Costs. Manufacturers shall furnish the inspector all test specimens, the use of testing machines, and all labor necessary to handle the material for inspection. Where shipments are made without inspection, or when due notice or proper inspection facilities have not been furnished, the additional cost of subsequent inspection will be borne by the manufacturer.

General Responsibility. Manufacturers, mills, foundries and shops are required to furnish satisfactory materials strictly in accordance with the plans and specifications, regardless of inspection, acceptance, or failure to inspect certain pieces of material.

CHAPTER VII.

Field Inspection of Minor Iron and Steel

Structures.

In approaching the subject of field inspection of iron and steel it was found advisable to state in a few words the kind of work expected from an iron inspector in the field. The inspection of minor structures like small alterations has next been described, starting with simple store front alterations with and without column supports.

The more complex work, that of inspecting tall structures, will be taken up for convenience under several separate headings in the chapters following.

The work of an Iron Inspector in the field depends largely upon the stage the structure has reached at the time of the inspection. The following classification indicates in a general way the kind of work to be performed by the inspector:

I. To examine materials as to their sizes, shapes, workmanship and other qualities.

2. To see that all the materials agree with the approved plans and with the building laws.

3. To mark rejected materials for identification and to see that no rejected material is used in the structure.

4. To inspect the workmanship of the iron framing and to condemn bad work, thus promoting good workmanship.

5. To see that the erection is carried on safely and without danger to life and limb, and that the State Labor Laws or any similar laws or ordinances for protection of life and limb are not violated during any time while the construction work is in progress.

6. To inspect the derricks, guys and, in general, all the rigging in order to avoid accidents.

7. To see that no part of the structure is overloaded.

8. To see that the structure is properly braced and guyed during erection.

INSPECTION OF STORE FRONT ALTERATIONS. Examining Materials Before Setting. Many errors can be conveniently avoided by examining the iron and steel

upon delivery and before the same is set in place. While such an examination is desirable in all cases, it can usually be performed by the architect's or the owner's inspector, who is at the job all the time and who can therefore check up and inspect the materials as they are delivered. This inspection is especially important in store front alterations.

Store Front Alterations. This group of alterations includes the partial transformation of dwellings or similar houses into commercial buildings by removing part of the front brick work to provide large show windows, and by supporting the masonry above these windows by means of iron or steel girders or beams; it also comprises the removal of piers of masonry in actual stores to allow room for larger show windows.

In both these cases the brick walls are usually shored up, the iron beams placed in their proper place, and the shoring removed as quickly as possible to avoid business losses.

The iron beams should be examined while in the street and before setting, because after erection the beams may not be easily accessible. Also, the beams may be covered up quickly, before being inspected, and if the beams are condemned it is very hard to replace them after the shoring has been removed.

Following points should receive careful consideration: 1. Wrought iron beams are substituted for steel beams of equal depth. The wrought iron beams can easily be identified by the fibrous appearance of the metal and by their heavy web and clumsy cross-section, which contrasts easily with the slender cross-section of standard steel beams. There are few wrought iron beams rolled to-day, as steel beams have greater stiffness and therefore greater load carrying capacity than wrought iron beams of equal weight. The only serious objections against wrought iron beams are their lower strength and their greater deflection as compared to steel beams. For small spans and dead loads the deflection may not be an important factor; as for strength the wrought iron beams are generally 20 per cent. weaker than steel beams of equal weight, and a careful refiguring by the architect or by the plan examiner of the loads to be carried by the wrought iron beams may bring the beams in question within the requirements of the law.

2. Second-hand Material. Nothing in the law prevents the use of second-hand material provided same is in good condition. Second-hand box girders and thin webbed beams heavily painted may have their webs badly corroded and