with interest, which amount he was directed to pay. The amount not having been paid, the plaintiff brought this action against the defendant Riehl and the other defendants who are sureties on his bond, and on the eleventh day of March, 1898, the plaintiff recovered judgment against defendant Riehl, the guardian, in the sum of $10,267, and against defendant Smith in the same amount, and against the other defendants in the sum of $5,000 each. The plaintiff, as administrator of the estate of said Carver, and by permission of the court in which the estate was pending, agreed to accept $9,500 in full payment of his judgment, and the amount was paid to plaintiff on the twenty-seventh day of April, 1898, by defendants Johnston, Smith, and Lufkin, and at their request the plaintiff executed and delivered to them a written assignment of the judgment authorizing them to enforce the same in the name of the plaintiff as such administrator. This assignment was filed with the clerk of the court and with the papers in this action. After the said assignment was filed the defendants, who paid the judgment and to whom the said assignment was made, applied to the clerk and the clerk issued a writ of execution directed to the sheriff of Sacramento county commanding him to levy upon 368 the property of the defendant Kelly and cause to be made out of the same the sum of $5,000, besides interest and costs. The sheriff to whom the writ was directed proceeded to levy upon the property of defendant Kelly and noticed the same for sale. Kelly, after giving notice, moved the court below to recall and quash the writ of execution, and for an order directing satisfaction of the judgment to be entered. The court denied. the motion and refused to make the order. The court further ordered that the writ of execution be amended so as to run against Kelly for $1,875 only. The defendant Kelly has appealed from the order so made and from the order refusing to recall the execution.

1. It is claimed by appellant that the defendants Smith, Johnston, and Lufkin, who will hereafter be called the respondents, having failed to comply with the provisions of section 709 of the Code of Civil Procedure, cannot proceed under the judg ment by obtaining an execution thereon to enforce contribution from him. The section is as follows: "When property, liable to an execution against several persons, is sold thereon, and more than a due proportion of the judgment is satisfied out of the proceeds of the sale of the property of one of them, or one of them pays, without a sale, more than his proportion, he may

compel contribution from the others; and when a judgment is against several, and is upon an obligation of one of them, as security for another, and the surety pays the amount, or any part thereof, either by sale of his property or before sale, he may compel repayment from the principal; in such case, the person so paying or contributing is entitled to the benefit of the judgment to enforce contribution or repayment, if, within ten days after his payment, he file with the clerk of the court where the judgment was rendered notice of his payment and claim to contribution or repayment. Upon a filing of such notice the clerk must make an entry thereof in the margin of the docket."

Respondents do not claim to have complied with said section as to filing with the clerk of the court the notice as therein provided, or as to having an entry made in the margin of the docket, but they claim that, independent of said section, by virtue of the written assignment to them of the judgment, they have the right to an execution to enforce contribution from the 369 appellant. We think the contention of respondents as to this point correct. The section is somewhat obscure, and the first part of it, down to the word "principal," only lays down fundamental rules as to the rights of sureties and joint judgment debtors to compel contribution. The latter part of the section "in such case the person so paying or contributing is entitled to the benefit of the judgment to enforce contribution or repayment, if within ten days," etc., is the portion that contemplates giving to sureties or joint judgment debtors the right to an execution in the original proceedings. The section was, no doubt, enacted for the benefit of sureties and joint judgment debtors in order to enable them, without bringing an action, to use the judgment and the writs of the court for the purpose of compelling, in the case of sureties, the repayment from their principal, or contribution from cosureties, and, in case of joint judgment debtors, contribution from their codebtors.

The legislature evidently did not have in mind a case where the parties paying the judgment procured a written assignment of it. The plaintiff, being the owner of the judgment, had the right to assign it to anyone upon payment of the amount authorized by the order of the court in which the estate was pending. The fact that the parties paying it were some of the judgment debtors would not prevent them from taking an assignment of it. The section is substantially the same and in almost the exact words of section 480 of the Civil Code of Kansas. The

supreme court of that state, in Harris v. Frank, 29 Kan. 203, has placed a similar construction upon section 480 of its code. In the opinion it is said: "Besides said section 480 of the Civil Code was not enacted for the purpose of giving assignees of judgments a remedy as assignees. They have a remedy independent of such section, and could enforce their judgment if such section had never been enacted. Said section was really enacted for the benefit of sureties, and for the benefit of joint judgment debtors, without reference to whether any assignment had been made or not."

The cases of Davis v. Heimbach, 75 Cal. 261, and Clark v. Austin, 96 Cal. 283, are not in conflict with what has here been said. In neither case was there any assignment of the judgment to the parties seeking to enforce contribution.

370 2. The payment of the judgment by respondents to plaintiff did not amount to a satisfaction of the same as against their cosureties or the principal. The rule is, that the mere payment of a judgment by one joint debtor does not operate as an accord and satisfaction of the judgment as to other joint judgment debtors, unless it plainly appears that the payment was intended to have such effect: Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty, sec. 275; Brown v. White, 29 N. J. L. 514, 80 Am. Dec. 226; Coffee v. Tevis, 17 Cal. 239; Freeman on Executions, sec. 444.

3. The affidavit of appellant used on the motion states on information and belief that prior to the issuance of the execution, the defendant Riehl transferred to respondents real and personal property of the value of $5,000, which they had and held in their possession at the time of the hearing of the motion. It is further stated in the affidavit on information and belief that the said real and personal property was so transferred in part payment of the $9,500, but it is not stated as to whether any price was agreed upon or as to the amount of the $9,500 the transfer would pay. We must therefore, from the record, presume that the transfer was of real and personal property, to be held as indemnity to the extent of its value.

There is a sharp conflict in the authorities as to whether a surety holding in his hands indemnity can maintain an action against his cosurety regardless of the indemnity. Many authorities hold that the surety may maintain an action against his cosurety for the sum he is then entitled to, regardless of the indemnity. That in such case, whatever may be afterward received by a sale of the indemnity shall be accounted for and proportionately paid to the sureties. On the other hand, it has

been held in several cases that the surety so indemnified must save himself harmless or fully account for the value of the indemnity before he can recover against his cosurety in an action for contribution. The question does not appear to have been decided by this court, and we are at liberty to lay down the rule in this case. We think the first the better rule. Equality is equity. The moment one cosurety or joint judg ment debtor pays the debt of his principal he has a right to recover from his cosurety or joint judgment debtor his proportionate share. The law gives him this right and also imposes 371 upon his cosurety the duty of paying his proportionate share. The obligation is as binding upon the cosurety as if created by promissory note or contract. It would be no defense for a defendant, when sued upon a promissory note or other written contract, to set up that the plaintiff held collateral securities or property for the purpose of indemnifying himself. Why should it be a defense in this kind of an action? Why should the plaintiff, in an action for contribution, after having paid out his money, be compelled to wait until he can realize upon some collateral indemnity which may require years, while his cosurety, who was as much bound in law and morals as himself by the bond, has paid nothing? This would not make the burdens of the cosureties equal. The indemnity is for the benefit of one cosurety as much as for the other, no matter which holds it: Civ. Code, sec. 2849. Either one could apply to the court for its sale, or to enjoin a wrongful disposition of it. The burden of finding a market for it and applying its value toward the debt of the principal should be borne by one as well as the other. There is no reason why the cosurety who has paid the debt of his principal should assume the burden of disposing of the indemnity, and the additional burden of waiting until it is disposed of, before he can receive from his cosurety his proportion. The views we have here given are supported by the following authorities: Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty, sec. 274; Paulin v. Kaighn, 29 N. J. L. 483; Anthony v. Percifull, 8 Ark. 495; Bachelder v. Fiske, 17 Mass. 464; Johnson v. Vaughn, 65 Ill. 425.

4. Appellant contends that the execution as modified was for too great a sum, and in this we think he is correct. The respondents, by paying the plaintiff and taking an assignment of the judgment, only became entitled to use it for the purpose of enforcing contribution from their cosureties or payment from their principal. They were only subrogated to the rights

of the plaintiff for the purpose of using the judgment in order to protect themselves and their cosureties, and for the purpose of compelling contribution. This is not a proceeding in equity, and no claim is made that any cosurety is insolvent. The law presumes that they are solvent. Respondents, therefore, were entitled to execution against appellant for an aliquot part of the 372 debt based on the whole number of cosureties. They are liable to contribute in the proportion of the respective amounts or penalties for which they became surety: Brandt on Suretyship and Guaranty, sec. 288; Armitage v. Pulver, 37 N. Y. 499; notes to Deering v. Earl of Winchelsea, 1 White & Tudor's Lead. Cas. Eq., pt. 1, p. 124, et seq.; Cowell v. Edwards, 2 Bos. & P. 268. Applying this rule the appellant was responsible for one-eleventh of the $9,500, which is $863.63. If the other sureties are insolvent, or if any one of them is insolvent, the respondents can bring their action for contribution and all matters can be determined so that justice will be done and the burden equally placed upon the solvent sureties.

We advise that the court below be directed to amend and modify its order so that it direct the writ of execution to run against appellant for $863.63, and interest at the legal rate since. the twenty-seventh day of April, 1898, and for costs, and that as so amended and modified it be affirmed.

Britt, C., and Chipman, C., concurred.

For the reasons given in the foregoing opinion the court below is directed to amend and modify its order so that it direct the writ of execution to run against appellant for $863.63, and interest at the legal rate since the twenty-seventh day of April, 1898, and for costs, and that as so amended and modified it is affirmed. McFarland, J., Temple, J., Henshaw, J.

SURETIES-CONTRIBUTION AMONG.-A surety who has paid a judgment against himself and his cosureties may take an assignment of it to himself and avail himself of it to enforce contribution from his nonpaying cosureties: Merchants' Nat. Bank v. Great Falls etc. Co., 23 Mont. 33, 75 Am. St. Rep. 499.

INSOLVENT SURETY-CONTRIBUTION.-If a surety liable to contribution is insolvent, contribution must be in proportion to the number of solvent sureties: Sloan v. Gibbes, 56 S. C. 480, 76 Am. St. Rep. 559. See, further, the monographic note to Culliford v. Walser, 70 Am. St. Rep. 451-454.

INDEMNIFIED SURETY-CONTRIBUTION.-If it appears that a paying surety has been indemnified to the full extent of payments made by him, he is not entitled to contribution from his cosureties, but must indemnify himself out of the means placed Am. St. Rep., Vol. LXXVIII-5