is reached by railway by Elmshorn and Neuminster in about 3 hours.

KIEL (Hotel : Germania), is situated on the Baltic, 65 miles from Hamburg. Its port can accommodate the largest vessels. It is a favourite bathing-place during the summer months. The University contains some collections of natural history and antiquities. In the Castle is a museum of paintings and plaster casts.

Kiel is a place of great commercial importance. Steamers leave Kiel every evening for Korsor, from which place there is a railway to COPENHAGEN. This is the most agreeable route to Denmark. Kiel to Korsor, 6 hours; fare, 11.25. Railway, Korsor to Copenhagen in 31 hours; fare, 8 kroner. (See DENMARK in this volume.)

From Hamburg a most agreeable trip can be made by steamer to HELIGOLAND (Victoria Hotel). Steamers run several times a week in summer. Average passage, seven to eight hours. Fare, 16 m.; return, 26 m. Heligoland is a small island, one-fifth of a square mile in area; it rises perpendicularly out of the sea 100 feet. It was taken by the British in 1807, and is still under their rule. The landing place on the island is at the Unterland, where the bath-houses are situated, also the Conversations haus, the theatre, and most of the restaurants. From the Unterland a flight of 100 steps ascends to the Oberland. An excursion round the island can be made by row-boat. The rocks and grottoes are illuminated several times during the season.

ROUTE 130.

COLOGNE TO LEIPSIC AND DRESDEN BY MAGDEBURG.

(For Route from Cologne to Magdeburg, see Route 128.)

From Cologne to Leipsic, 371 miles; 1st class, 54.50; 2nd, 38.30.

FTER leaving Magdeburg, the first station is SCHONEBECK (9 miles), situated on the left bank of the Elbe. At Gnadau (13 miles) there is a colony of Moravians. We presently cross the Saale and reach KOTHEN JUNCTION. Here the lines from Magdeburg, Leipsic, and Berlin converge. Passing Stumsdorf (414 miles) we reach HALLE (53 miles) (Hotel: Stadt Hamburg). It is situated on the Saale, and is chiefly remarkable for its University. In the marketplace is an isolated tower called the Rothe Thurm, and a statue of the composer Handel. The Markt Kirche, a Gothic church of the sixteenth century, has two of its four towers connected by a bridge. It contains some good pictures, especially one on doublefolding panels by Cranach, painted in 1529 for the Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg, founder of the church. It represents the Annunciation, and the Madonna and

Child surrounded by angels. There is also a good altar-piece by Hubner, "The Sermon on the Mount." The Moritz-kirche, of the twelfth or thirteenth century, is considered the most beautiful in the town. It contains an altar-piece of carved wood representing scenes from the Passion of our Saviour, &c.

The Residenz, once the Archbishop's Palace, is noted as the place where, after the battle of Muhlberg (1547), the landgrave Philip of Hesse was compelled to humiliate himself before the Emperor Charles V.

The Francke's Institut, an orphan asylum (called after the name of its founder), established in 1697, contains the orphanage, schools, a printing press, a school of evangelical missions, a library, &c. In the court is a bronze statue of the founder, by Rauch. The Museum of Natural History is worth visiting.

Halle derives its name from the Greek word signifying salt. There are extensive salt-works in its vicinity. In the neighbourhood (seen from the railway before arriving at Halle) are the ruins and garden of the castle of Giebichenstein, and the baths of Wittekind. Passing Schkeuditz, on the frontier of Saxony, we cross the Parthe and arrive at

LEIPSIC (74 miles) (Hotels: see "HOTEL LIST.")

ARRIVAL.-A ticket containing the number of a cab is handed to each traveller as he leaves the station, as at Berlin.

Cab hire.-A course of 20 minutes, 1 person, 50 pf.; 2 persons, 60 pf.; 3 persons, 80 pf.; 4 persons, 1 mark.

Episcopal Church, services, 10.30 and 6.30.

Leipsic is, next to Dresden, the most important town in Saxony, and one of the richest in Germany. It is situated in a vast

plain, at the confluence of the Elster, the Parthe, and the Pleisse. The entrance of Saxony into the Zollverein (German Customs League), and the construction of the five lines of railway which join at Leipsic, have given to the city much of its commercial prosperity. Three great fairs are held here yearly: on New Year's Day, at Easter, and at Michaelmas. The Easter fair frequently attracts 70,000 visitors; the others from 15,000 to 20,000. Merchants and manufacturers come to them from all parts of the world, including the far East. It is calculated that business to the extent of £12,000,000 is done annually at the Easter fair. Leipsic is the great centre of the German booktrade. The German booksellers form an association which has its seat and its Bourse or Exchange at Leipsic, to which they come every year during the Easter fair, to make their settlements. There are 200 book-shops, and 40 printing establishments employ 200 hand-presses, and 50 worked by machinery.

Amongst the public institutions are the UNIVERSITY (except that of Prague, the oldest in Germany), the School of Commerce, the Tribunal of Commerce, the merchants' Bourse, the booksellers' Bourse, and many learned societies.

Leipsic has no remarkable churches. The Church of St Nicholas dates from 1525. The only objects worth notice in it are the paintings by Oeser. The Catholic Church was built in 1846, from the plans of Heideloff.

The Market Place is surrounded by medieval houses, and some in the style of the Renaissance. It was in this square the allied sovereigns met after the battle of Leipsic. The Town-House is of the 16th century. In the

interior, the public hall and the council-hall are adorned with portraits of the kings of Saxony. Previous to the battle of Leipsic Napoleon occupied the Konigshaus (the King's house), the residence of the electors and kings of Saxony when they visited Leipsic. It was there that he had his last interview with the King of Saxony, whom the victorious allies afterwards made prisoner. Near the Market Place, in the Grimmaische Strasse, is Auerbach's Keller (cellar, or beer hall). According to tradition, Dr Faust there gave himself up to those practices of magic which are depicted on the walls. Goethe has placed here one of the scenes of his Faust --that where Mephistopheles furnishes the students with various kinds of wine from holes bored by him with a gimlet in one of the tables.

The Castle of Pleissenburg, the ancient citadel, contains most of the public offices. Its tower is used as an observatory. The Augustusplatz is surrounded by numerous fine buildings, such as the University, the Burgerschule, or secondary school, the PostOffice, the Museum, and the beautiful new Theatre.

The UNIVERSITY, or AUGUSTEUM, was finished in 1836, after the plans of Schinkel. On the front are four allegorical figures of the four Faculties. The great hall is adorned with the statues or busts of kings and distinguished inhabitants of Saxony, together with twelve allegorical reliefs, executed by Rietschel. The University was founded in 1409; it numbers 800 students, and has a rich library (120,000 volumes), many collections, a botanic garden, an observatory, &c.

The STADISCHE MUSEUM is a fine building, completed in 1858, and contains some good paintings.

It is open, free, on Sundays from 10.30 to 4 o'clock, and on Wednesdays and Fridays from 10 to 4; and at a charge of 50 pf. on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays, from 10 to 4, and on Saturdays from 12 to 4.

The ancient glacis and ramparts have been converted into a beautiful promenade, which surrounds the old town, and separates it from the suburbs. On them we observe: the Monument of Gellert, the poet; that of the burgomaster Muller, who formed the promenades; the statue of the agriculturist Thaer, by Rietschel; that of Frederick Augustus, who died in 1827; the bust of J. S. Bach, erected by Mendelssohn; and the statue of Hahnemann, the discoverer of homœopathy.

From the tower of the Pleissenburg we may obtain a view of the plain on which the battle of Leipsic was fought. The attendant requires a donation of 50 pf. The tourist should mount the hill near Stotteritz on the road from Grimma: Napoleon remained there during the battle. A square block of granite, with an inscription, marks the spot. The village of Probstheyde, southeast of Stotteritz, was the centre of the French position. It was taken four times by assault by the Prussians and Russians, and as many times retaken by the French. On the south-east of the village, on a hill called the "Monarchs' Hill," it is said the allied sovereigns received the first news of the victory. Close by, near the farm of Mensdorf, is another block of granite, in honour of Field-Marshal the Prince of Schwarzenberg.

In the neighbourhood are the villages of Liebertwolkwitz and Wachau, the scenes of the memorable fights between the French cavalry under Murat and