26 After Pompey had made these arrangements for the government of Palestine, he sent Scaurus back as governor of Syria, while he himself hasted away again to Asia Minor, and first of all to Cilicia. He took Aristobulus along with him as a prisoner of war. He had with him also his two daughters and his sons Alexander and Antigonus, the former of whom contrived almost immediately to make his escape. When, in B.C. 61, Pompey celebrated his triumph in Rome with great magnificence and display, the Jewish priest-king, the descendant of the Maccabees, was made to march in front of the conqueror's chariot.27 Besides Aristobulus and his family, Pompey also had with him a great number of Jewish prisoners, who, at a later period being set at liberty, formed the original stock of the Jewish community at Rome, which quickly rose to a position of importance. 28 With the institutions of Pompey the freedom of the Jewish people, after having existed for scarcely eighty years, if we reckon it as beginning in B.C. 142, was completely overthrown. Pompey, indeed, was acute enough to insist upon. no essential change in the internal government of the country. He suffered the hierarchical constitution to remain intact, and gave the people as their high priest Hyrcanus II., who was favoured by the Pharisees. But the independence of the nation was at an end, and the Jewish high priest was a vassal of the Romans. This result, indeed, was inevitable from the moment the Romans set foot in Syria. For their power was altogether of a different sort from that of the Seleucidae. And even the most powerful of the princes, and one most loved by the people, would have been utterly unable to with 26 Josephus, Antiq. xiv. 4. 5; Wars of the Jews, i. 7. 7. 27 Compare the description of the triumph in Plutarch, Pompeius, 45; Appian, Mithridates, 117. Appian conjectures wrongly that Aristobulus had been put to death after the triumph, for this did not take place until B.C. 49. See the following section. 28 Compare Philo, De legatione ad Cajum, § 23 (ed. Mangey, ii. 568). stand the continued pressure of the superior forces of the Romans. But the work of conquest was made light to their Western assailants by the fact that the country was torn with internal strifes, and that the contending parties were so blind to their own interests as to seek protection and help from the strangers. There was no longer any trace left of that spirit which had led the people on to victory a hundred years before. SECOND PERIOD. FROM THE CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM BY POMPEY TO THE WAR OF HADRIAN. THE ROMAN-HERODIAN AGE, B.C. 63-A.D. 135. PALESTINE, if not immediately incorporated with the province of Syria, was at least placed under the supervision of the Roman governor of Syria. Throughout this period, therefore, even more than throughout the previous period, its history became mixed up with that of Syria, and therefore here again we shall require to prefix a summary sketch or brief survey of the history of that country. SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF SYRIA, B.C. 65-A.D. 70. SOURCES. For the period of the Republic and the Civil Wars, B.C. 65-30, the chief original sources are JOSEPHUS, DIO CASSIUS, APPIAN, CICERO, and PLUTARCH. For the period of the Empire, B.C. 30-A.D. 70: JOSEPHUS, DIO CASSIUS, TACITUS, and SUETONIUS. LITERATURE. NORIS, Cenotaphia Pisana Caii et Lucii Caesarum dissertationibus illustrata.1 Venetiis 1681.-A list of the governors of Syria from A.U. 707-822, or B.C. 47 to A.D. 69, is given in Dissertation ii. c. 16, pp. 267–335. 1 The two Caesars are the sons of Agrippa and Julia, therefore grandsons of Augustus. The elder, Caius, died in A.D. 4; the younger, Lucius, in A.D. 2. SCHÖPFLIN, Chronologia Romanorum Syriae praefectorum, etc., in Commentationes historicae et criticae, Basileae 1741, pp. 465–497.—It treats of the whole period of Pompey down to the Jewish war of Vespasian and Titus. SANCLEMENTE, De vulgaris aerae emendatione libri quatuor. Romae 1793, fol. - Sanclemente gives in lib. iii. 3-4, pp. 330-349, a list of the governors of Syria from M. Titius under Augustus to Cn. Piso under Tiberius. Consult especially lib. iv. 3-6, pp. 413-448, on Quirinius and his taxing. BORGHESI, Sul preside della Siria al tempo della morte di N. S. Gesù Cristo, 1847; reprinted in Oeuvres complètes de Bartolomeo Borghesi, vol. v. 1869, pp. 79-94. ZÜMPT, De Syria Romanorum provincia ab Caesare Augusto ad T. Vespasianum, in Commentationes epigraphicae, Part ii. 1854, pp. 71-150. Compare also, Zumpt, Das Geburtsjahr Christi, 1869, pp. 20–89. GERLACH, Die römischen Statthalter in Syrien und Judäa von 69 vor Christo bis 69 nach Christo. Berlin 1865. MOMMSEN, De P. Sulpicii Quirinii titulo Tiburtino, in Res gestae divi Augusti, 2 Aufl. 1883, pp. 161–182. MARQUARDT, Römische Staatsverwaltung, Bd. i., 2 Aufl. 1881, pp. 415-422, gives a short list of governors. KELLNER, Die römischen Statthalter von Syrien und Judäa zur Zeit Christi und der Apostel (Zeitschrift für kathol. Theologie, 1888, pp. 460-486).Treats of the governors of Syria from B.C. 44 to the destruction of Jerusalem. On the organization and history of the province of Syria generally, see KUHN, Die städtische und bürgerliche Verfassung des röm. Reichs, Bd. ii. 1865, pp. 161-201.-Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, i., 2 Aufl. pp. 392-430.-Mommsen, Römische Geschichte, Bd. v. 1885, pp. 446–552. Compare also, Bormann, De Syriae provinciae Romanae partibus capita nonnulla. Berol. 1865. On the constitution of the Roman provinces generally, see Rein, art. Provincia in Pauly's Real-Encyclop. vi. 142–155.—Kuhn, Die städtische und bürgerliche Verfassung des römischen Reichs bis auf die Zeiten Justinians, 2 Bde. 1864-1865.-Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, i., 2 Aufl. 1881, pp. 497-567.-Compare also Mommsen, Römisches Staatsrecht, iii. 1 (1887), pp. 590-832. In connection with the Roman, Jewish, and New Testament history, the history of the province of Syria is treated of in the comprehensive work of Lewin, Fasti Sacri, London 1865. It embraces the period from B.C. 70 to A.D. 70.-In the Index also under Syria there is given a list of the governors. The Roman history generally is treated of in the form of chronological tables in CLINTON, Fasti Hellenici, vol. iii.; Fasti Romani, vol. i.— E. W. Fischer, Römische Zeittafeln von Roms Gründung bis auf Augustus' Tod, Altona 1846.-Compare also the well-known works of Mommsen, Römische Geschichte, Bd. iii. (5 Aufl. 1869), from Sulla's death to the battle of Thapsus, B.C. 78-46.-Peter, Geschichte Roms, Bd. ii., 2 Aufl. 1866, Bd. iii. 1867, Bd. iii. 2, 1869, to the death of Marcus Aurelius in A.D. 180.-For the period of the Republic: Drumann, Geschichte Roms in seinem Uebergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder Pompeius, Cäsar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen, 6 Bde. 1834-1844. Ludwig Lange, Römische Alterthümer, Bd. iii., 2 Aufl. 1876, treats of the transition from the republic to the monarchy.-For the period of the Empire: Höck, Römische Geschichte vom Verfall der Republik bis zur Vollendung der Monarchie unter Constantin, Bd. i. in 3 Abtheil. 1841-1850; reaches only to the death of Nero. Schiller, Geschichte der römischen Kaiserzeit, Bd. i. in 2 Abtheil. 1883, down to Diocletian; Bd. ii. 1887, down to Theodosius the Great. The Syrian history during this period falls naturally into two divisions, the one embracing the Period of the Republic, the other the Period of the Empire. I. THE PERIOD OF THE DECAY OF THE REPUBLIC, 1. Syria under the predominating Influence of Pompey, M. Aemilius Scaurus, B.C. 65, 62. Sent by Pompey, he arrived at Damascus in B.C. 65, wherepreviously Lollius and Metellus had been stationed (Josephus, Antiq. xiv. 2. 3; Wars of the Jews, i. 6. 2; Clinton, Fasti Hellenici, iii. 346). From B.C. 64 to B.C. 63 Pompey him |