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TABLE E-Contd.

50,000 Children; showing Children without the Main Classes of Defect Indicated.

Sub-table Exxi.-Taking Groups as above, and indicated in margin of Table, they are Distributed in Percentages on the whole Group as "Normal Children or without Main "Classes of Defect," and as associated with Defects indicated in Headings of Columns alone, not in combination with other Defect.

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Children without

Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls.

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TABLE E--Contd. 50,000 Children; showing Children without the Main Classes of

Defect Indicated.

Sub-table Exxii.-Taking Groups as above, and indicated in margin of Table, their Co-relations with Defects at headings of columns are given in Percentages upon the Total Number of Children without the Defect.

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TABLE F.--Showing the Percentage of Dull Children; indicating the Causation of Dulness by Defect of Development and Nerve-Signs (A and B) respectively among 50,000 Children at all Ages.

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DISCUSSION on DR. FRANCIS WARNER'S PAPER

MR. J. W. PALMER explained that the cards used in conducting the inquiry had been carefully formulated, so that some sort of formula was available for every case. Each case was accordingly represented briefly by the capital letters, italics and numerals belonging to it, arranged consecutively. The cards were of different colours, and their corners were cut in various ways, so that the sorting into different standards, &c., might be facilitated. Those who had initiated the process would be very glad to receive any advice in the matter, and with this system he thought there was no possible combination which could not be readily arrived at.

Dr. G. E. SHUTTLEWORTH said that he felt incompetent to criticise the statistical methods on which the paper was mainly founded, but he had been more or less connected with the inquiry as to school children since its inception in 1888, and could bear witness to the conscientious care with which the observations on which the figures were based had been made by Dr. Warner. He was hardly prepared for some of the interesting facts brought out by the inquiry from his previous experience of deficient children. The fact, for instance, that the condition called nerve-signs could be more easily dealt with than defects of development was scarcely in accordance with what he had observed in children admittedly imbecile and idiotic. It was found that children the subjects of congenital defect were generally more open to improvement by educational methods and judicious surroundings than those who had become defective by disease, and who often displayed a considerable amount of nerve-signs. Until the time arrived when the Röntgen rays, of which they had lately heard so much, enabled them to see what was going on within the skull (and in spite of the paragraph to the effect that an American physician had been able to light up his own brain, he doubted whether that time was near at hand), they would have to trust to ontward and visible signs of nervous action such as those given by Dr. Warner. It occurred to him that persons who were skilled in observing these signs in children ought to have certain duties in connection with the schools of our national educational system. Skilled medical observers were necessary to set such a system on foot, but it was highly important also that the teachers themselves should be trained to recognise symptoms which were in any way abnormal, and he hoped that facilities would soon be given for enabling teachers to understand such symptoms.

Mr. E. W. BRABROOK congratulated Dr. Warner on the successful elaboration of this splendid collection of observations on more than 100,000 children. Over 100 different observations had to be

taken on each child, and the absence or presence of every one of those signs had to be stated in each case. The inquiry into the condition of the second 50,000 children carried the subject considerably further than the first series did. It had been dealt with in a more scientific and thorough manner with regard to the statistical treatment of results, and had been carried on under more favourable conditions. It had been suggested as a criticism on the first series that they were Dr. Warner's own observations alone, and that, as the points to which the inquiry was directed were both minute and numerous, the "personal equation," whatever it was, must be taken as to a certain extent affecting the trustworthiness of the whole calculations. In this second series Dr. Warner had obtained the assistance of other persons equally interested in the subject, and possessed of the necessary technical knowledge, so that the "personal equation" was removed to that extent from this second series. It was perhaps a just criticism to make on these statistics, that the results obtained had been gone into with such minute elaboration that it was difficult to found a judgment on many of the details, and he hoped that Dr. Warner would kindly put into popular language a few of the more salient conclusions to which his researches had led him.

Mr. F. HENDRIKS asked if these observations had been wholly taken from schools in the metropolis, or whether they included a fair proportion of scholars in agricultural and industrial centres ? One of the first lessons to be drawn from this inquiry was that the proportion of scholars who differed from the average through deficiency in mental or bodily conformation, both among boys and girls, was very large, no less than about 1 in 5 among boys and I in 6 among girls, differing more or less in the degree they fell short of the normal standard; and it would be interesting to know if Dr. Warner considered he had a fair average sample for the observations from which his conclusions are derived? Although 50,000 seemed a large number, it was only about part of the number of scholars in the inspected schools in Great Britain, and he should be glad to know whether any subdivision could be made so as to show what differences existed in various localities, of urban, agricultural, mining, and factory populations. It would also be important to notice later on, when similar inquiries, perhaps on a larger scale, were made, whether there was any alteration for better or worse in the results shown by Dr. Warner's present figures, which, so far as they went, indicated a rather alarming number of children who were below the average in mind or body

Mr. A. H. BAILEY wished to know if it would not be possible in every class to append to the tables a percentage of the total number observed? Comparisons would be much easier if they had what he might call a common denominator. The use of cards in conducting investigations of this kind was no new departure, but was of course extremely useful and valuable.

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