it with so much dexterity, that he seldom misses his object. The dress of the Ulan consists of a short jacket, trowsers or pantaloons made like those of the Turks, which reach to the ancle bone, and button above the hips. He wears a belt across his waist. The upper garment is a sort of Turkish robe with small facings, which reaches to the calf of the leg; his head is covered with a Polish cap. The color of the streamer which is fixed to the end of the lance, as well as that of the facings, varies according to the different pulks or regiments which it is meant to distinguish. The Ulan is likewise armed with a sabre, and a brace of pistols which hang from his waistbelt. As the Ulans consider themselves in the light of free and independent gentlemen, every individual amongst them has one servant, if not two, called pocztowy or pacholeks, whose sole business is to attend to their baggage and horses. When the Ulans take the field, these servants or batmen form a second or detached line, and fight separately from their masters. They are armed with a carbine, which weapon is looked upon with contempt by their masters, and they clothe themselves in the best manner they can. The Ulans generally engage the enemy in small platoons or squads, after the manner of the hussars; occasionally breaking into the most desultory order. They rally with the greatest skill, and frequently affect to run away for the purpose of inducing their opponents to pursue them loosely: a circumstance which seldom fails to be fatal to the latter, as the instant the pursuers have quitted their main body, the Ulan wheels to the right about, gets the start of him through the activity of his horse, and obtains that advantage, hand to hand, which the other possessed whilst he acted in close order. In 1743 marshal Saxe, with the approbation and concurrence of the French court, raised a regiment of Ulans, which was attached to the military establishment of that country. This corps consisted of one thousand men, divided into six squadrons, each squadron composed of one hundred and sixty men, eighty of whom were Ulans, and eighty dragoons. So that the regiment consisted of five hundred Ulans, properly so called, armed and accoutred like those in Poland, and the other five hundred were dragoons, without being considered as the servants or batmen of the Ulans; in which instance they differed from the pacholeks of the Polish Ulans. These dragoons were paid by the king; whereas in Poland each Ulan paid his own servant or batman, who looked to him only for clothing, arms, and subsistence. On the death of marshal Saxe, the Ulans in France were reduced; and the dragoons only kept upon the establishment. They were considered as a regiment; being at first given to count de Frise, who was a major-general in the service, and became their colonel, and they remained on that footing until the revolution. The uniform of the French Ulans con→ sisted of a green coat or cloak, with green breeches, Hungarian half-boots, pinchbeck helmet with a turban twisted round it of Russian leather; the tail or mane of the helmet consisted of horse-hair, which was colored according to the facings of the brigade; their arms were a lance nine feet long, with a floating streamer at the top, a sabre, and a pistol in the waistbelt. The dragoons were clothed like other regular troops. Their coat was green, with cream-colored facings and scarlet linings; plain brass buttons, and aiguillette or tagged point, made of red worsted; a fawn colored waistcoat, edged round The instant the Ulans charge an enemy, with scarlet; leather breeches; half-boots their servants or batmen form and stand that were laced up to the calf of the leg; in squadrons or platoons, in order to af- pinchbeck helmet, with a seal skin turford them, under circumstances of re- ban round it, and two rosettes made of pulse, a temporary shelter behind, and to pinchbeck; the top was adorned with check the enemy. The batmen belong-horse-hair, which hung behind. Their ing to the Ulans are extremely clever in laying ambushes. The pay of the Ulans in time of peace is very moderate. Poland, before its infamous dismemberment and partition by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, kept a regular establishment of four squadrons and ten companies on foot. These troops were annually supplied with a thousand rations of bread and forage, which quantity was paid them at the rate of 272 florins, Polish money, per ration. The grand duchy of Lithuania subsisted, in the same manner, fifteen other companies of Ulans. The other pulks were paid by the king. The annual pay of the captains was five rations, and that of the subalterns two; that is 1360 florins to the former, and 544 florins to the latter. arms consisted of a fusil with a bayonet, which was always fixed; two pistols and a sabre; the horse was covered with a wolf's skin. The Ulans rode horses which were somewhat lower than those of the dragoons, and were more active. At the commencement of the French revolution, particularly in 1792 and 1793, the Ulans belonging to the Imperial army that endeavored to penetrate into France, were the terror of the inhabitants all along the frontiers. The excesses which they committed, and the desolation they occasioned, rendered their very name a signal of alarm. They seldom gave quarter, and they never received it. ULTIMATUM. A term used in negociations to signify the last condition or conditions upon which propositions, that have been mutually exchanged, can be || finally ratified. ULTRAMARINE. From beyond the -sea-foreign. It is also the name of a very delicate sky blue powder made from lapis lazuli, and used in the drawing of plans, &c. ULTRAMONTANE. Derived from the Latin Ultra, beyond, and Mons, mountain. This term is principally used in relation to Italy and France, which are separated by the Alps. According to Bayley, Ultramontanus is a name given by the Italians to all people who live beyond the Alps. UMBO. The pointed boss or prominent part in the centre of a shield or buckler UMBRIERE. The visor of a helmet. UMPIRE. An arbitrator, or a power which interferes for the adjustment of a dispu e or contest. UNARMED. The state of being without armor or weapons. To UNCASE. In a military sense to display, to exhibit-As to uncase the colors. It is opposed to the word, To Case, which signifies to put up-to enclose. To UNCOVER. When troops deploy, the different leading companies or divisions, &c. successively uncover those in their rear, by marching out from the right or left of the column. UNCONDITIONAL. At discretion; not limited by any terms or stipulations. UNCONQUERED. Not subdued or defeated; in opposition to conquered or defeated. UNDAUNTED. fear; valiant. Not appalled by UNDECAGON. A regular polygon of eleven sides or angles. UNDER. This preposition is variriously used in military matters, viz. UNDER Command, (Sous Ordre, Fr.) In subjection to; liable to be ordered to do any particular duty. UNDER Cover, (à couvert, à l'abri, Fr.) Shielded, protected, &c. See COVER. UNDER Arms, (Sous Armes, Fr.) A battalion, troop, or company is said to be under arms when the men are drawn up regularly armed and accoutred, &c. To UNDERMINE. To dig cavities under any thing, so that it may fall, or be blown up; to excavacate. To UNDERMINE. In a figurative sense, to injure by clandestine means. The discipline of the army may be undermined by secret practices and cabals; the want of a fit capacity at the head of the war office, will operate like the want of brains in the human head; and the most enterprizing officer may be undermined by the insinuations of a cowardly parasite and reporter. UNDERMINER. A sapper, one who digs a mine. ed to regularity or order; not perfect in exercise or manœuvres. To UNFIX. In a military sense, to take off, as Unfix Bayonet, on which the soldier disengages the bayonet from his piece, and returns it to the scabbard. The word return, as we have already observed, is sometimes used instead of unfix.-But it is improperly used, although it more immediately corresponds with the French term Remetire. UNFORTIFIED. Not strengthened or secured by any walls, bulwarks, or fortifications. UNFURLED. A standard or colors, when expanded and displayed, is said to be unfurled. UNGENTLEMANLIKE, Į (MalUNOFFICERLIKE, Sbonnére, Grossier, Fr.) Not like a gentleman or officer. Conduct unbecoming the character of either is so called. This clause which will be always found to depend on the state of morals and manners, affords a vast latitude to a military court, which, after all, is not more free from prejudice or influence than any other tribunal, though they are both jurors and judges. Officers convicted thereof are to be discharged from the service. See ARTICLES OF WAR. UNHARNESSED. Disarmed; divested of armor or weapons of offence. UNHORSED. Thrown from the saddle; dismounted. UNHOSTILE. Not inimical, or belonging to an enemy. UNIFORM, (Uniforme, Fr.) This word, though in a military sense it signifies the same as regimental, which is used both as a substantive and an adjective, may nevertheless be considered in a more extensive light. Uniform is applied to the different sorts of clothing by which whole armies are distinguished from one another; whereas regimental means pro|| perly the dress of the component parts of some national force. Thus the national uniform of the American army is blue, as is that of the modern French, white of the Austrian, green of the Russian, and red of the British, &c. But in each of these armies there are particular corps which are clothed in other colors, and whose clothing is made in a shape peculiar to themselves. Though generally speaking each has an uniform within itself, yet this uniform, strictly considered, is a regimental. With respect to the origin of military uniforms, we should make useless enquiries were we to direct our attention to those periods in which the Romans fought covered with metal armor, or with leather which was so dressed and fitted to the body, that the human shape appeared in all its natural formation; nor to those in which the French, almost naked, or at least very lightly clad in thin leather, conquered the ancient Gauls. Better inUNDISCIPLINED. Not yet train-formation will be acquired by recurring UNDER-Officer. An inferior officer; one in a subordinate situation. to the Crusades which were made into | titled, Traité des marques nationales, and Palestine and Constantinople by the Eu- to page 533, tom. iii. du Dictionnaire Miropeans. We shall there find, that the litaire; observing, that the uniforms of western nations, France, Engiand, &c. the French army were not completely setfirst adopted the use of rich garments, tled under the reign of Louis the XIVth, which they wore over their armors, and and that the whole has undergone consiadorned their dresses with furs from Tar-derable alterations since the present revotary and Russia. lution. We may then fix the origin of colored dresses to distinguish military corps, &c. in the eleventh century. The Saracens generally wore tunics or close garments under their armor. These garments were made of plain or striped stuffs, and were adopted by the Crusaders under the denomination of coats of arms, Cottes d'armes. We refer our readers for further particulars to the author of a French work, en UNIFORME des charretiers des vivres, Fr. Uniform of the old French Waggon Corps. It consisted of white sackcloth edged round with blue worsted, with brass buttons, two in front and three upon each sleeve. They wore a dragoon watering cap, with W upon the front fold, and a tuft at the end. The W and the tuft were made of white worsted. UNIFORMS.-Principal color of the military uniforms of the different powers. UNTENABLE. Not to be held in possession; incapable of being defended. UNTRAINED. Not disciplined to exercise or manœuvre. UNVANQUISHED. Not conquered or defeated. UNWALLED. Being without walls of defence. UNWARLIKE. Not fit for or used to war. UNWEAPONED. Not provided with arms of offence. VOGUE, Fr. The course or way which a galley or ship makes when it is rowed forward. VOGUER, Fr. To make way upon water either by means of sailing or by oars. It also signifies generally to row. VOIE, Fr. "Way, means, course of communication. VOILE, Fr. A sail. This word is frequently used by the French to signify the ship itself; as we say, a sail in sight. VOILE quarrée ou à trait quarrée, Fr. A square sail, such as the main-sail. VOILE Latine, Voile à tiers-point, ou a Oreille de Liévre, Fr. A triangularshaped sail, such as is used in the Mediter ranean. Jet de VOILES, Fr. The complete complement of sails for a ship. Faire VOILE, Fr. To go to sea. VOITURES, Fr. Carriages, waggons, &c. VOIL, Fr. Theft. The military regulations on this head during the existence of the French monarchy, were extremely rigid and severe. Whosoever was convicted of having stolen any of the public stores, was sentenced to be strangled; and if any soldier was discovered to have robbed his comrade, either of his necessaries, bread, or subsistence money, he was condemned to death, or to the gallies for life. So nice, indeed, were the French with respect to the honesty of the soldiery in general, that the slightest deviation from it rendered an individual incapable of ever serving again. When the French troops marched through the United States during the revolution so exact was their disci pline, that in marching through an orchard loaded with fruit not an apple was touched. VOLEE, Fr. The vacant cylinder of a cannon, which may be considered to reach from the trunnions to the mouth. VOLES et culasse d' une piece, Fr. This term signifies the same as tête et queue piece. The mouth or head and breech of a piece of ordnance. VOLEE, Fr. Also signifies a cannon shot, as Tirer une vole, to fire a cannon shot. VOLEE, Fr. See SONNETTE. VOLET, Fr. A shutter. It likewise means a small sea compass. VOLLEY. The discharging of a great number of firearms at the same time. VOLONTAIRES, Fr. See VOLUN TEBRS. VOLONTE, Fr. Will, &c. It likewise signifies readiness to do any thing. Officier, soldat de bonne volonte. An officer, a soldier that is ready to do any sort of duty. Dernieres VOLONTES, Fr. The last will and testament of a man. VOLT, (Volte, Fr.) In horsemanship, a bounding turn. It is derived from the Italian word Volta; and according to the Farrier's Dictionary, is a round or a circular tread; a gate of two treads made by a horse going sideways round a centre; so that these two treads make parallel tracks; the one which is made by the fore feet larger, and the other by the hinder feet smaller; the shoulders bearing outwards, and the croupe approaching towards the centre. Mettre un cheval sur les VOLTES, Fr. To make a horse turn round, or perform the volts. They likewise say in the manege, demi-volte, half-turn or volt. VOLTE, Fr. In fencing, a sudden movement or leap, which is made to avoid the thrust of an antagonist. VOLTE-face, Fr. Right about. Faire VOLTE-face, Fr. To come to the right about. It is chiefly applicable to a cavalry movement; and sometimes generally used to express any species of facing about, viz. Les ennemis fuirent jusqu'à un certain endroit, ou ils firent volte face; the enemy fled to a certain spot, where they faced about. VOLTE, is also used as a sea phrase among the French to express the track which a vessel sails; likewise the different movements and tacks that a ship makes in preparing for action. VOLTER, Fr. In fencing, to volt; to change ground in order to avoid the thrust of an antagonist. VOLTIGER, F. To float; to stream out; to hover about; La cavalrie voltige autour du camp; the cavalry hovers about the camp. It also means, in the manege, to ride a wooden horse for the purpose of acquiring a good seat. VOLTIGUER, Fr. A vaulter; a jumper; a hoverer; the French have trained their light troops to run, vault, and bear fatigues; these troops act as riflernen on foot or horseback; swim rivers with their arms; and vault behind horsemen to be transported rapidly to some point where it is necessary to make an impression. These corps were formed from an observance of the hardiness and intrepidity of American riflemen, by general Berthier, who served in America with Rochambeau. VOLUNTEER. In a general acceptation of the word, any one who enters into the service of his own accord. The signification of it is more or less extensive, according to the conditions on which a man voluntarily engages to bear arms. VOLUNTEERs are also bodies of men who assemble in time of war to defend || two close stools, two bed-pans, and two their respective districts, and this general- urinals. ly without pay. To VOLUNTEER. To engage in any affair of one's own accord. Öfficers and soldiers often volunteer their services on the most desperate occasions; sometimes specifically, and sometimes generally. Hence to volunteer for any particular enterprize, or to volunteer for general service. In some instances soldiers volunteer for a limited period, and within certain boundaries. Volunteers approach nearer to the regular establishment than the militia. VOUGE, Fr. A sort of hedging bill. It likewise signifies an axe, which the ancient bowmen of France had fixed to their halberts. It is also called a hunter's staff. VOUSSOIR or VOUSSURE, Fr. The bending of a vault. VOUTE, Fr. A vault; an arch. VOYAGE sur Mer, Fr. A sea voyage. The French call a voyage to the East Indies, Un voyage de long cours. UP. An adverb frequently used in military phraseology, viz. Up in arms; in a state of insurrection. To draw UP. To put in regular array, as to draw up a regiment. VRILLE, Fr. A wimble. VRILLER, Fr. Among fireworkers, to rise in a spiral manner, as sky-rockets do. USAAR, Ind. The name of a month, which partly corresponds with June; it follows Jeyt. To USE. To employ to any particular purpose; to bring into action; as he used his choicest troops on that decisive day. USTENSILES, Fr. The necessary articles which a soldier has a right to be supplied with. USTENSILES de magazins, Fr. Under this word are comprehended all the various tools, implements, &c. which are required in military magazines and storehouses. USTENSILES d'un vaisseau, Fr. Every thing which is necessary in the navigation of a ship. USTENSILES de canon, Fr. Every thing which is required to load and unload a piece of ordnance, viz. the rammer, spunge, priming horn, wedges, &c. UTENSILS. In a military sense, are necessaries due to every soldier. A regiment, consisting of 1000 men, and provided with three medical persons, ought to be furnished with hospital necessaries and utensils for at least 40 patients. It should be provided with 40 cotton night caps, 40 sets of bedding, in the proportion of four for every hundred men; each set consisting of one paillasse, one straw mattrass, one bolster, three sheets, two blankets, and one rug. For regiments of a smaller number, the quantity of hospital necessaries will of course be proportionally reduced. Bakery UTENSILS. The following list of bakery utensils, being the proportion requisite for an army of 36,000 men, has been extracted from the British commissary, to which useful treatise we refer the military reader for a specific description of field ovens, &c. and field bakery, page 16, &c. 12 double iron ovens, 11 feet long, 9 feet diameter, and 3 feet high; 28 troughs and their covers, 16 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet deep, to kneed the dough. 12 large canvas tents (having double coverings) 32 feet long, and 24 feet wide, to make the bread in. 4 ditto, to cool and deposit the bread in. 2 ditto, to deposit the meal and empty sacks in. 200 boards, 8 feet long, and 13 feet wide, to carry the bread to the oven and back when baked; 24 small scales to weigh the dough, with weights from half an ounce to 6lbs. ; 24 small lamps for night work; 24 small hatchets ; 24 scrapers, to scrape the dough from the troughs; 12 copper kettles, containing each from 10 to 12 pails of water; 12 trevets for ditto; 12 barrels with handles, to carry water, containing each from 6 to 7 pails. 12 pails, to draw water; 24 yokes and hooks, to carry the barrels by hand; 24 iron peles, to shove and draw the bread from the ovens; 24 iron pitchforks, to turn and move the firewood and coals in the ovens ; 24 spare handles, 14 feet long, for the peles and pitchforks; 24 rakes, with handles of the same length, to clear away the coals and cinders from the ovens ; 4 large scales, to weigh the sacks and barrels of meal, and capable of weighing 500lb.; 4 triangles for the said scales; to each must be added 500lb. of weights, 3 of 100lb. each, 2 of 50lb. each, and downwards to half a pound. In the British service it is directed to be provided for the use of regimental hospi- VULNERABLE. Susceptive of tals, that each hospital ought to be fur-wounds; liable to external injuries; canished with a slipper bath, or bathing tub, pable of being taken; as, the town is extwo water buckets, one dozen of Ösna-tremely vulnerable in such a quarter. It burgh towels, one dozen of flannel cloths, is also applied to military dispositions, half a dozen of large sponges, combs, viz. the army was vulnerable in the cenrazors, and soap; two large kettles capa- tre or on the left wing. ble of making soup for 30 men, two large An assembage of men without arms, or tea kettles, two large tea pots, two sauce with arms but without discipline, or hav pans, 40 tin cans of one pint cach, 40ing discipline and arms, without officer-spoons, one dozen of knives and forks, are vulnerable. |