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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.

Chief Justices of the Supreme Court, since 1789.

John Jay, of New York, commissioned September 26, 1789.
William Cushing, of Massachusetts, January 27, 1796.
Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut, March 4, 1796.
John Jay, of New York, December 19, 1800.
John Marshall, of Virginia, January 31, 1801.
Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, March 15, 1836.

Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, since 1789.
John Rutledge, of South Carolina, September 26, 1789.
William Cushing, of Massachusetts, September 27, 1789.
Robert H. Harrison, of Maryland, September 28, 1789.
James Wilson, of Pennsylvania, September 29, 1789.
John Blair, of Virginia, September 30, 1789.
James Iredell, of North Carolina, February 10, 1790.
Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, November 7, 1791.
William Patterson, of New York, March 4, 1793.
Samuel Chase, of Maryland, January 27, 1796.
Bushrod Washington, of Virginia, December 20, 1798.
William Johnson, of South Carolina, March 26, 1804.
Brock holst Livingston, of New York, January 16, 1807.
Thomas Todd, of Virginia, March 3, 1807.

Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, January 7, 1811.

John Quincy Adams,* of Massachusetts, February 22, 1811.
Gabriel Duvall, of Maryland, November 18, 1811.

Joseph Story, of Massachusetts, November 18, 1811.
Smith Thompson, of New York, December 9, 1823.
Robert Trimble, of Kentucky, March 9, 1826.
John M'Lean, of Ohio, March 7, 1829.

Henry Baldwin, of Pennsylvania, January 6, 1830.
James M. Wayne, Georgia, January, 1835.
Philip P. Barbour, of Virginia, March 15, 1836.
William Smith,† of Alabama, March 8, 1837.
John Catron,f of Tennessee, March 8. 1837.
John M'Kinley, of Alabama, September, 1837.
Peter V. Daniel, of Virginia, March 3, 1841.
Samuel Nelson, of New York, February, 1845.
Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire, January, 1846.

Attorneys-General of the United States, since 1789.
Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, September 26, 1789.
William Bradford, of Pennsylvania, January 27, 1794.
Charles Lee, of Virginia, December 10, 1795.
Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts, March 5, 1801.
Robert Smith, of Maryland, March 3, 1805.
John Breckenridge, of Kentucky, January 17, 1806.
Cæsar A. Rodney, of Delaware, January 20, 1807.
William Pinkney, of Maryland, December 11, 1811.
Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania, February 10, 1814.
William Wirt, of Virginia, December, 16, 1817.
John McPherson Berrien, of Georgia, March 9, 1829.
Roger B. Taney, of Maryland, December, 1831.
Benjamin F. Butler, of New York, January, 1834.
Felix Grundy, of Tennessee, August, 1838.
Henry D. Gilpin, of Pennsylvania, January, 1840.
John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, March, 1841.

Hugh S. Legaré, of South Carolina, September, 1841.
John Nelson, of Maryland, July, 1843.

John Y. Mason, of Virginia, March, 1845.

(Declined the appointment.)

+ Mr. Smith and Judge Catron were nominated to the senate on the night of the 3d of March, 1837, but the nominations were not acted on, until after the inauguration of Mr. Van Buren. Mr. Smith declined the appointment, and Judge M'Kinley was appointed in his place.

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Free States....... .5,030,371........102,893.. .... 19,108.....

Slave States..

Total........

.7,872,711........ 238,197........1,543,688....

..5,152,372 ..4,502,224

.9,654,596

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New England States....

OCCUPATIONS OF THE PEOPLE, BY THE CENSUS OF 1840.

Number of Persons employed in Agriculture.

Manufactures.

Commerce.

...

.414,138.

187,258...

.17,157

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Number of Persons employed in Mining in the United States..

15,211

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Navigation of the Ocean....

.56,021

Internal Navigation.....

.33,076

Learned Professions, including Engineers....65,255

SYNOPSIS OF THE CONSTITUTIONS OF THE SEVERAL

UNITED STATES.

ADOPTION OF THE FIRST STATE CONSTITUTIONS.

THE Continental Congress, on the 10th of May, 1776, recommended to the assemblies and conventions of the several colonies where no governments sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs had been established, to adopt such systems as, in the opinion of the representatives of the people, would best conduce to the happiness and safety of their constituents in particular, and British America in general.

The difficulties in forming state governments or constitutions, were much less than in forming a system embracing all the states. The people had long been familiar with the civil institutions of their respective states, and could, with comparative ease, make such alterations as would suit their new political situation. The people of Connecticut and Rhode Island had, from their first settlement, chosen all their rulers, and in these states, a change of forms was only requisite.

nent one.

Massachusetts, after the alteration of her charter by parliament, continued her old system as far as practicable, agreeably to the advice of Congress, until she was able and had leisure to form a new and more permaFrom the peculiar situation of New Hampshire, Virginia, and South Carolina, Congress in November, 1775, recommended to them, if they judged it necessary for their peace and security, to establish governments, to continue during the disputes with Great Britain. In pursuance of these recommendations, the states of New Hampshire, South Carolina, Virginia, and New Jersey, established new systems of government before the declaration of independence. They were followed by four other states, during the year 1776, and with the exception of that of Virginia, these state systems of government were expressly limited in their duration to the continuance of the dispute between the colonies and Great Britain. In all the constitutions thus formed, except that of Pennsylvania, the legislative power was vested in two branches.*

That

Vermont did not become a member of the Union until 1791. state was originally settled under grants from New Hampshire, and principally by the hardy yeomanry of New England, who became acquainted with the country in the war of 1756. It was a long time known by the name of "the New Hampshire grants," and its inhabitants were called "the green-mountain boys." It was claimed by New York, under the old

* Pitkin's History of the United States.

grant to the duke of York; and in 1764, on an exparte application to the king and council, the country, as far east as Connecticut river, was placed under the jurisdiction of that province. This was done without the knowledge and contrary to the wishes of the inhabitants, who at the revolution declared themselves independent, and in 1777 established a temporary government. They afterward requested to be admitted a member of the confederacy, but were opposed by New Hampshire and New York, and Congress were unwilling to offend those states. A frame of state government was established July 4, 1786, and in 1790 New York was induced, by the payment of $30,000 to withdraw its claims, and in 1791 Vermont was admitted into the Union.

The following are the dates when the first constitutions of the old states were adopted :

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A synopsis or outline of the principal features of the Constitutions of each

of the United States.

MAINE.

THE Constitution of this state was formed in 1819, and went into operation in 1820.

The legislative power is vested in a senate and a house of representatives, both elected annually by the people, on the second Monday of September. These two bodies are together styled the Legislature of Maine.

The number of representatives can not be less than 100, nor more than 200. A town having 1,500 inhabitants is entitled to send one representative; having 3,750, two; 6,775, three; 10,500, four; 15,000, five; 20,250, six; 26,250, seven; but no town can ever be entitled to more than seven representatives. The number of senators can not be less than twenty, nor more than thirty-one.

The legislature meets (at Augusta) annually, in the month of May; it formerly met in January.

The executive power is vested in a governor, who is elected annually by the people, on the second Monday in September, and his term of office commences on the first Wednesday in January. A council of seven members is elected annually, by joint ballot of the senators and representatives, to advise the governor in the executive part of government.

The right of suffrage is granted to every male citizen aged twenty-one years or upward (excepting paupers, persons under guardianship, and Indians not taxed), having had his residence established in the state for the term of three months next preceding an election.

The judicial power is vested in a supreme judicial court, and such other courts as the legislature may, from time to time, establish. All the judges are appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council; and they hold their offices during good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy years.

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