tivation. It is impossible to know, as yet, whether the first aspirations of men were of martial, religious, or pastoral spirit, or whether the primitive zither was the bow of war touched to the joyful song of victory, or twanged as a monochord in religious invocation or poetic thought. The monosyllabic peoples once knew all the arts of civilization. Only a musical truth could attest that a tone would be the result of such use of one string or sounded shell or reed. A further knowledge of the effects of tension by the pressure of the fingers would naturally suggest other notes from one string and lead to other strings and complexity. The tetrachord followed, and has been attributed to Thoth, Nareda, Fohi, and, by Homer, to Hermes. The fourth tone is said by Macrobius to have been added by the Muses to represent the seasons. Diodorus credits the fifth to Orpheus, the sixth to Linus, and the heptachord to Thamyras. Terpander of Antissa, who was the pupil of Lasus, about 546 B. C., was a scientific experimenter who first used the octachord, then omitted the eighth and used the Phrygian system. Pythagoras of Samos, was the mathematical author of the octochordum, asserting the tetrad, or number four, to be a perfect combination, comprehending all proportions. The octachord continued through Pindar's time, and Suidas says that Timotheus of Miletus invented the eleventh tone during the time of Sappho, Anacreon, and Pericles, when the barbiton and magadis were known to have been in use. The magadis and sackbut of Daniel have been said to have been zithers. In the ninety-second Psalm David speaks of the psaltery, the instrument of ten strings, like the tenor zither, and adds "a harp with solemn sound." Elsewhere he speaks of "prophesying on the harp," proving his artistic appreciation of the difference between the tender color and charm of the zither harp and the deeper tone of the larger harp. shaped like an ear and dedicated to the ear of Apollo. The smaller harp was the more portable instrument, and was rested upon the Sheminith of the temple, or upon the knees of the Phrygians or Greeks, and may have been the instrument carried by the Pelasgoi. Notation establishes the similarity between the kissar of the Nubian and the cithara or lyre of the Assyrian. Assyrian sculpture gives it tassels like the harp; and bas-reliefs from the Tigris and the mounds of Nimrod resemble the alta or zither harp of to-day in contour. The Greeks reserved the zither for feminine use, and the later iyre became the instrument to accompany male voices. Sophocles's remark regarding the origin of the trigon readily suggests the difference in the musical methods of the Egyptians and the Phrygians. Modifications were made, abandoned, and revived, as cultivation chose or rejected the pentatonic or diatonic systems. The grace-loving and refined Greeks were dominated by the intellect. Their decline rejected again the seldom-mentioned kinyra, and the nobler diatonic methods of Pythagoras and the enharmonic gave place to the chromatic scale of Aristoxenes. The more conservative people retained the pentatonic. Traces of the Phrygian influence, mentioned in the tenth book of Strabo, remain in the augmented thirds of Scotch music, and it was characteristic of the Mazathan Aztecs and the Peruvians. The old Persian rebec was closely allied to the Streichzither, and the manuscripts of St. Blazius show the principle of transition in the horizontal plank and upright post in the trigon family, from the zither to the greater harp. The lyre was but a modification of the zither, as the bijuga chitarrone was the first suggestion of the patent head which is the latest edition to the present zither, while that still retains the adjuncts of bow and plectra, from which have been developed the lute, viol, and clarichordum, including the product of later complex civilization-the pianoforte, whose highest type, the grand piano, shows preference, as against the upright, of the horizontal trapezium of the most ancient of early days-the family of citharum. The first writers for the zither were the Arabs in Persia, in entablature. Modern composers are Umlauf, of Vienna, Grassman, of Frankfort, and Hart and Son, of London. Zither clubs have been formed in recent years, since the revived popularity of the instrument, the Arion zither, manufactured by Schunda, of Buda Pesth, being the choice of most players. INDEX TO VOLUMES XIII AND XIV. A complete index to the preceding twelve volumes is issued separately. Abdomen, the, xiii, 752. Abell, Arunah S., sketch, xiii, 621. Abyssinia, xiii, 2; xiv, 1. Acropolis at Athens, discoveries in, Adam, John J., sketch, xiii, 621. Adventists, xiii, 5; xiv, 3. Agricultural distinctions, xiv, 723. Alabama, xiii, 8; xiv, 6. movement, 758. Apex section, xiii, 556. 231. Arab revolt, xiv, 830. Arbitration, international, xiii, 234; Arbor Day, xiii, 509. Ayres, R. B., sketch, xiii, 621. Babbitt, B. T., sketch, xiv, 617. Bacon, John W., sketch, xiii, 621. Bagally, Sir R., sketch, xiii, 660. Baker, Alfred, sketch, xiv, 617. Argentine Republic, xiii, 34; xiv, Baking-powders, xiv, 132. 39. Arizona, xiii, 37; xiv, 31. Alcott, Louisa May, sketch and Arms, William, sketch, xiv, 617. portrait, xiii, 11. Alexander, E. B., sketch, xiii, 621. portrait, xiv, 616. 594. Anglican Churches, xiii, 12; xiv, 9. Arnason, John, sketch, xiii, 659. Artesian wells, xiv, 248, 456. ery, xiii, 46; xiv, 41. Balance of power, xiii, 72. Bald-Knobbers, xiii, 565; xiv, 567. Barbour, Oliver L., sketch, xiv, 617. 660. Barlow, S. L. M., sketch, xiv, 618. Bass, Lyman K., sketch, xiv, 618. Beech, Major, xiii, 2. Beecher, W. H., sketch, xiv, 618. Belden, David, sketch, xiii, 622. Bessels, Emil, sketch, xiii, 623. Bevier troubles, xiii, 566. Bible Christians, xiii, 546; xiv, 556. 587. Birdwood, Sir George, xiii, 7. 619. Blachford, Lord, sketch, xiv, 655. Boundary of Netherlands, xiii, 87. Bullard, Asa, sketch, xiii, 626. Bourn amendment, the, xiii, 715. Bowen, Levi F., sketch, xiv, 620. Boyce, James P., sketch, xiii, 625. Bullock, W. F., sketch, xiv, 621. Burke, E. A., his defalcation, xiv, Burleigh, E. C., nominated, xiii, 510. Burlington, Iowa, xiv, 450. Bramwell, Sir F. J., his address, Cabanel, Alexander, sketch, xiv, xiii, 45. Brand, Sir J. H., sketch, xiii, 660. of, sketch, 671. Breed, William P., sketch, xiv, 620. Black mountain expedition, xiii, Brickwork, xiii, 106. 658. Cabell, James L., sketch, xiv, 621. Cable, submarine, xiii, 574. Cairoli, Benedetto, sketch, xiv, 658. California, xiii, 117; xiv, 98. Blaine, James G., sketch and por- Bridgman, Laura D., sketch, xiv, Calvinistic Methodist Church, xiii, trait, xiv, 801. Blair educational bill, the, xiii, 234. 655. Blinn, Christian, sketch, xiv, 619. tration, xiii, 602. lapsable, 93; submarine, 798. xiii, 624. xiv, 275. Canalization of rivers, xiv, 298. Cape Colony, xiii, 122; xiv, 102. Capital cases, appeal in, xiv, 229. Carey, J. M., renominated, xiii, Carll, David, sketch, xiii, 626. Carter, Robert, sketch, xiv, 623. Cass, George W., sketch, xiii, 626. Cities, American, recent growth of, Cathcart, C. W., sketch, xiii, 627. Congress of the United States, xiii, Connecticut, xiii, 238; xiv, 232. Cook, George, H., sketch, xiv, 237. 569. Co-operation, xiii, 241. Clayton, John M., sketch, xiv, 624, Copper, xiii, 525; crisis, the, xiv, Census, United States, of 1890, xiv, Clesse, Antoine, sketch, xiv, 659. Centennial celebrations, xiii, 670. ment, xiii, 255; xiv, 610. view of, xiv, 674. Charleston, xiv, 142. Charlottetown, xiv, 143. Chattanooga, xiii, 160. Cleveland, xiv, 143. Coffee plantation, a large, xiv, 409. Coffin, Roland F., sketch, xiii, 627. Coir, xiii, 247. Colcock, W. F., sketch, xiv, 624. 340; and tin, xiv, 541. Copper mines, xiv, 595. Copyright, international, xiii, 234. Cordage, xiii, 247. Corea, xiii, 252; xiv, 238; flag of, xiv, 239; treaty with, xiv, 753. 628. Cornacchia, Capt., xiii, 4. Collins, Richard H., sketch, xiii, Craig, James, sketch, xiii, 629. 628. Chase, Benjamin, sketch, xiv, 624. Collins, William Wilkie, sketch Cheever, B. W., sketch, xiii, 626. lytical, xiii, 144. and portrait, xiv, 163. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, xiii, Colorado, xiii, 179; xiv, 165. Crammer, S. H., nominated, xiii, 263. Crampton, John F., xiii, 269. 661. Crawford case, the, xiv, 425. Crocker, Charles, sketch, xiii, 629. Commerce of the United States, Croix, Lambert De S., sketch, xiv, xiv, 170. cerning, xiii, 766. 659. Commercial travelers, decision con- Croly, David G., sketch, xiv, 626. Crops, the, xiv, 314.. Communion service, water in, xiii, Crosby, George A.,sketch, xiii, 629. 14. Compasses, xiv, 873. Concord School of Philosophy, xiii, 11. Crossley, John T., sketch, xiv, 659. Cuba, xiii, 256; xiv, 244. Day, Benjamin H., sketch, xiv, 627. Deaconess institution, xiii, 505. Decatur, xiii, 162. Deccan, mining in the, xiv, 427. xiv, 485. Delagoa Bay Railroad, xiv, 110. Emigration from Germany, xiv, 368. Emin Pasha, sketch, xiii, 295. Doyle, Sir Francis H., sketch, xiii, Engineering, xiii, 297; xiv, 290. 661. Dredging in New York harbor, xiii, Drew, Thomas, sketch, xiii, 631. Drumgoole, J. C., sketch, xiii, 632. xiii, 661. Duffield, George, sketch, xiii, 632. Ephesus, temple at, xiv, 20. Events of 1888, xiii, 318; of 1889, De la Rue, Warren, sketch, xiv, Dunster, Edward Swift, sketch, Eversley, C. S. L., sketch, xiii, |