Field at all hazards. Deputy-Marshal David Nagle was ordered to accompany Judge Field, and, at Lathrop, Cal., he shot Terry dead for striking Judge Field in the face.

John Willock Noble, Secretary of the Interior, was born in Lancaster, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1831. He attended Miami University, leaving that college to enter Yale, where he was graduated in 1851. At Miami he became an intimate friend of his fellow-student Benjamin Harrison. After admission to the bar he began practice in St. Louis, Mo., in 1855, and afterward settled in Keokuk, Iowa. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted in the Third Iowa Cavalry, was soon elected first lieutenant, and became adjutant of his regiment. He was engaged at Pea Ridge, at the siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles near Little Rock, and took part in the cavalry raid into Alabama and Georgia. In 1865 he was made a colonel and detailed to sit on the court-martial at St. Louis. At the

disbandment of the army he was brevetted brigadiergeneral. After the war he resumed the practice of law at St. Louis, taking an earnest interest in politics as a Republican, and for some time was United States District Attorney at St. Louis, by appointment of President Johnson, resigning the office in 1870.

Jeremiah McLain Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture, was born in Morgan County, Ohio, June 17, 1830. He was a stage-driver in his youth, and settled as a farmer in Vernon County, Wis., in 1853. Enlisting in the army in 1862, he was elected major of the Twenty-fifth Wisconsin Infantry, was promoted lieutenantcolonel, and served under Gen. William T. Sherman till the end of the war, receiving for his services at the battle of Salkehatchie the brevet rank of brigadier-general. A year after his return he was elected bank comptroller of Wisconsin, retaining the office for four years. He next served in Congress two successive terms, taking part in the legislation to secure pensions for disabled volunteers and their families. He declined the diplomatic mission to Paraguay and Uruguay when it was tendered by President Garfield in 1881, and also the post of public printer, and in that year the Republicans elected him Governor of Wisconsin. He was so popular in that capacity that he was twice re-elected, but he refused to serve

Government, and for the first time its head became a member of the Cabinet.

Diplomatic and Consular Appointments. -The following appointments to important diplomatic and consular places were made by President Harrison: Minister to Great Britain, Robert T. Lincoln, of Illinois; Minister to France, Whitelaw Reid, of New York; Minister to Germany, in the first place Murat Halstead, of Indiana, whom the Senate refused to confirm, and subsequently William Walter Phelps, of New Jersey; Minister to Mexico, Thomas Ryan, of Kansas: Minister to Austria, Frederick D. Grant, of New York; Minister to Turkey, Solomon Hirsch, of Oregon: Minister to Brazil, Robert Adams, Jr., of Pennsylvania; Minister to Russia, Allen Thorndike Rice, of New York, who died in May (see OBITUARIES, AMERICAN; Minister to the Argentine Republic, John R. G. Pitkin, of Louisiana; Minister to the Netherlands, Samuel R. Thayer, of Minnesota; Minister to Sweden and Norway, William W. Thomas, Jr., of Maine; Minister to China, Charles Denby, of Indiana; Minister to Italy, Albert G. Porter, of Indiana; Minister to Chili, Patrick Egan, of Nebraska; Minister to Spain, Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan; Minister to Japan, John F. Swift, of California; Minister to Belgium, Edwin H. Terrell, of Texas; Minister to Peru, John Hicks, of Wisconsin; Minister to Venezuela, William L. Scruggs, of Georgia; Minister to Colombia, John T. Abbott, of New Hampshire; Minister to the Central American States. Lansing B. Mizner, of California; Minister to Bolivia, Thomas H. Anderson, of Ohio; Minister to Denmark, John A. Enander, of Illinois, and subsequently Clark E. Carr, of Illinois; Minister to Portugal, George

B. Loring, of Massachusetts; Minister to Hayti, Frederick Douglass, of the District of Columbia; Minister to Persia, E. Spencer Pratt, of Alabama; Minister to Switzerland, John D. Washburn, of Massachusetts; Minister to Corea, Hugh A. Dinsmore, of Arkansas; Minister to Liberia, Ezekiel E. Smith, of North Carolina; Minister to Roumania, Servia, and Greece, A. Loudon Snowden, of Pennsylvania; Minister to Siam, Jacob T. Child, of Missouri; Minister to the Hawaiian Islands, John L. Stevens, of Maine; Minister to Paraguay and Uruguay, George Maney, of Tennessee; Consul-General at London, John C. New, of Indiana; Consul-General at Berlin, William Hayden Edwards, of Ohio; Consul-General at Vienna, Julius Goldschmidt, of Wisconsin; Consul-General at St. Petersburg, John M. Crawford, of Ohio; Consul-General at Shanghai, Joseph A. Leonard, of Minnesota.

Civil Appointments.-Among the principal appointments in the civil service made after the new Administration came in are the following: Assistant Secretaries of the Treasury, George S. Batchellor, of New York, and Geo. C. Tichenor, of Illinois; Commissioner of Pensions, James Tanner, of New York, and after his retirement, Green B. Raum, of Illinois: Commissioner. of Internal Revenue, John W. Mason, of West Virginia; Commissioner of the Patent Office, Charles E. Mitchell, of Connecticut; First Assistant Postmaster-General, James S. Clarkson, of Iowa; First Comptroller of the Treasury, Asa C. Matthews, of Illinois; Commissioner of the General Land Office, Lewis A. Groff, of Nebraska; First Assistant Secretary of the Interior, George Chandler, of Kansas; Solicitor of the Treasury, William P. Hepburn, of Iowa; Commissioner of Railroads, Horace A. Taylor, of Wisconsin; Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Edwin Willits, of Michigan; Second Assistant Postmaster-General, Smith A. Whitfield, of Ohio; Assistant Secretary of State, William F. Wharton, of Massachusetts; U. S. Treasurer, James N. Huston, of Indiana; Comptroller of the Currency, Edward S. Lacey, of Michigan; Chief of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, William M. Meridith, of Illinois; Second Comptroller of the Treasury, Benjamin F. Gilkeson, of Pennsylvania; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Thomas J. Morgan, of Rhode Island; Solicitor-General, Orlow W. Chapman, of New York; Civil-Service Commissioners, Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, and Hugh S. Thompson, of South Carolina; Supervising Architect of the Treasury, James H. Windrim, of Pennsylvania. As postmaster of New York, in the place of Henry G. Pearson, whose term expired in April, Cornelius Van Cott was appointed. Ellis H. Roberts, of New York, was given the post of Assistant United States Treasurer at New York. In the collectorship of the Custom-house at New York, Joel Erhardt succeeded Mr. Magone.

Judicial Appointment. A seat on the bench of the Supreme Court became vacant by the death of Justice Stanley Matthews, and the President appointed David J. Brewer, of Kansas. David Josiah Brewer was born in Smyrna, Asia Minor, June 20, 1837. He was a student at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., and at Yale College, where he was graduated in 1856. He studied law in New York city in the office of David Dudley Field,

his uncle, and at Albany Law School, being graduated in 1858. He was admitted then to the New York bar, but followed farming for two years, and did not begin practice till he settled in Kansas City, Mo., in 1860, which he left for Leavenworth, Kan., where he was employed as United States Commissioner till 1864. He became judge of the Probate Court in 1862, and was elected judge of the Criminal Court of Leavenworth County, and from 1865 till 1869 was judge of the first State court, at the same time filling the office of superintendent of the Leavenworth schools. He served as city attorney in 1869-'70, and then became At the same time he was vice-president and afterjudge of the State Supreme Court, retiring in 1881. ward president of the Board of Education. In 1884 he was appointed United States circuit judge for the Eighth Circuit.

States regular army in officers and enlisted men The Army. The strength of the United was, in 1889, as follows:

The Navy. The United States navy in 1889 comprised 2 steamers classed as first-rate, of 8,400 tons displacement, carrying 25 guns; 7 second-rate, of 19,890 tons, with 86 guns; 37 third-rate, of 70,365 tons, with 96 guns; 5 fourthrate, of 3,240 tons, with 18 guns; 13 tugs with 3 guns; and 11 wooden sailing vessels, of 20,230 tons, with 70 guns. There were besides 20 wooden vessels, of 34,287 tons, armed with 63 guns that were no longer fit for service. (See UNITED STATES NAVY.)

Pensions. The number of pensioners on the rolls on June 30, 1889, was 489,725, and the total annual value of the pensions was $64,246,552. During 1888-'89 there were 51,921 new pensions allowed, of the annual value of $5,578,490, and 71,198 increased in the amount of $4,229,794, and 1,754, amounting to $154,087, were restored, while 16,507 pensioners, drawing $2,352,250 a year, were dropped from the roll, and 2,189 pensions were reduced in the amount of $84,569. Of the total number of pensioners 351,484 were invalid soldiers and 97,590 widows, etc., of soldiers, 4,547 were invalids of the navy and 2,266 widows and dependents of seamen, 603 were survivors and 9,964 widows of soldiers of the War of 1812, and 17,065 were veterans and 6,209 widows of soldiers of the Mexican War. The total disbursements of the Pension Office during the year were $89,131,968, against $79,646,146 in 1887-88, $74,815,486 in 1886-87, and $64,584,270 in 1885-'86.

Postal Service.-The number of post-offices on June 30, 1889, was 58,999. The length of postal routes was 416,159 miles. There were issued during the year 1,961,980,840 stamps, 452,782.300 stamped covers, 386,808,500 postal cards, The gross revenue of the post-office was $56,and money-orders to the amount of $115,081,845. 175,611. The total expenditure was $61,376.847. The cost of transportation of the mails was $31,893,359 and the sum paid in salaries to post

masters $13,171,382. Of the total number of offices 2,584 were presidential and 56,415 fourth class post-offices.

Public Lands.-The number of acres entered during the year ending June 30, 1889, was, under the Homestead act, 6,029,230, and under the Timber-Culture act, 2,551,069. The number of acres surveyed up to June 30, 1889, was 981,621,984 acres. There remained of the public domain still unsurveyed 833,882,163 acres, but this included the area of Alaska, estimated at 369,529,600 acres, and that of mountains, desert tracts, unsurveyed water areas, public and Indian reservations, school lands, etc., leaving only a small proportion that is suitable for homes and available for settlement.

Indians. The Indians under the supervision of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs at the close of the financial year numbered 246,056. The births during the year were 4,028, and the deaths 3,606. The number of criminals punished by civil and military courts was 381, and by tribal courts 498. There were 42 Indians killed within the year by persons of their own race, 8 were killed by whites, and the same number of white citizens were killed by Indians. The number of crimes committed by whites against Indians was 112. The number of Indian apprentices was 564. There were 163 male missionaries on the reservations. Of the total number of Indians as given above, which does not include the five civilized tribes nor the Indians, estimated at 30,000 in Alaska Territory, 26,578 could speak English, 22,710 could read, and 62,517 were dressed entirely and 33,533 partly in citizen's attire. There were 17,016 dwelling houses occupied by Indians, and 188 church buildings. The number of church members was 21,922. The expenditure of the Indian Bureau for 1888-'89 were $6,892,207.

The Census of 1890.-The act to provide for taking the eleventh and subsequent censuses, approved by the President on March 1, 1889, divides the country into 175 districts, each under the charge of a supervisor. The enumeration shall begin on June 1 and be concluded in fifteen days. The superintendent is empowered to intrust the collection of manufacturing, mining, railroad, fishing, telegraph, insurance, express, transportation, cattle, and social statistics to experts and special agents.

The results of the census will be published in thirteen volumes, which will contain data as to population by States, counties, and towns, nativity, color, etc., in the first volume; health and physical conditions and statistics of vitality and morality in vol. ii; public schools, illiteracy, pauperism, and crime, and religious and denominational data in vol. iii; statistics relating to trades and professions in vol. iv; survivors of the civil war in vol. v; wealth, taxation, public indebtedness, and estimated values of property in vol. vi; private indebtedness and mortgages in vol. vii; agricultural statistics in vol. viii: manufacturing statistics in vol. ix; mines and mineral products in vol. x; fish and fisheries in vol. xi; railroads, navigation, telegraphs, and telephones in vol. xii; and insurance in vol. xiii.

The Superintendent of the Census is Robert P. Porter, of New York. The following experts and special agents have been appointed: James

H. Wardle, agriculture; Dr. Henry K. Carroll, churches; Prof. James H. Blodgett, education; Allen R. Foote, electrical industries; Prof. Charles W. Smiley and J. W. Collins, fish and fisheries; Henry Gannett, geography; Charles A. Jenney and Henry R. Hayden, insurance; Frank R. Williams, manufactures, assisted by Edward Stanwood for the cotton and James M. Swank for the iron and steel industry; Dr. David T. Day, mines and mining, assisted by R. P. Rothwell for gold and John H. Jones for coal; J. H. Upton, national and State finances; S. N. D. North, newspapers and periodicals: Frederick H. Wines, pauperism and crime; J. D. Leland, recorded indebtedness; Charles E. Taft, ship building; Prof. Henry C. Adams, transportation; Dr. John S. Billings, vital statistics: T. Campbell Copeland, wealth, debt, and taxation.

UNITED STATES, FINANCES OF THE. The published statements of the Treasury show another year of financial ease. The receipts for the year ending June 30, 1889, compared with those of the previous year, were as follow:

National Banks.-The popularity of the national - bank system has been shown by an increase in the volume of business in its every department excepting that of circulation. The number of banks in operation Oct. 31, 1889, was 3,319, being greater than that of any other time since the organization of the system, and their capital stock amounted to $602,000,000. Of these banks, 211, having a capital of $21,240,000, were organized during the year. In this increase Texas leads all other States, having put into operation during the year 36 new banks, with an aggregate capital of $3,200,000, no other State organizing in that time half as many or investing half as much in capital; but, if relative populations are considered, the new State of Washington, with an increase of thirteen banks during the year, shows the greatest increase of banking facilities of any State. For relative amount of capital invested, it is now hardly a second to any State in the Union.

Circulation. The changes in the circulation of the currency during the past year have been marked by a decrease of the circulation of national-bank notes and an increase in that of silver certificates. The amount of nationalbank notes outstanding for which bonds were held by the Treasury on Oct. 31, 1889, including notes of national gold banks, was $130,207,285, a decrease in circulation during the year of $22,159,043. This decrease has been mainly due to the desire of the banks to regain possession of their security bonds, that they might be disposed of at the high market rates that have prevailed. The enforced circulation of the silver certificates of low denomination has caused an increase in them to the displacement of other forms of currency, as will be seen by the statement below.

To arrive at the total currency of the country, the Director of the Mint, in his annual report, takes his own estimate of the metallic stock, and adds thereto the total amount of gold and silver certificates outstanding, thus duplicating to that extent the amount of currency actually in circulation, as the certificate and the bullion held for its redemption can not both be in circulation at one time. Eliminating these amounts, the Treasurer shows results as follow:

June 30, 1888:

Gold

Silver

Notes.

CURRENCY.

increase, the public having lost during the year $18,000,000 in gold and $30,000,000 in notes, while to its ownership has been added $56,000,000 of silver. Altogether, there was a loss in gold of $25,000,000, in notes of $41,000,000, and a gain of $33,000,000 in silver, a net loss of $33,000,000 as stated.

Coinage.-During the year ending June 30, 1889, there was deposited of gold at the several mints and assay offices, exclusive of redeposits, 2,264,833.425 standard ounces (nine tenths fine), of the coining value of $42,136,435. Of the gold thus deposited, there was of the product of the mines of the United States $31,444,778, against an amount deposited the previous year of $32,406,306, indicating a decline in the gold product of this country during the last year of about $1,000,000. Of foreign gold coin and bullion there was deposited $6,583,992, against a deposit the previous year of $36,337,927, a falling off in the foreign gold which found its way to the mints and assay offices of this country of nearly $30,000,000 during the year.

The total gold coinage executed during the past year amounted to $25,543,910, being $2,820,260 less than during the previous fiscal year. In addition to the coinage executed, there were manufactured of fine gold bars $22,241,121, against $51,765,436 during the previous year.

The act of May 26, 1882, provides for the exchange of gold coin at its nominal value for the fine gold bars at par, thus saving to the depositor any loss arising from the worn condition of the coins exchanged. This provision offers a small premium for the exportation of bars, as they can be paid for in light-weight coins, at their face value, though purchased abroad at their bullion value, and, in case of any demand for gold in Europe, the bars held by the Treasury are sure to be the first supply drawn upon, being made the cheapest in the market. Bullion dealers have discovered this advantage, and have furnished of these bars for exportation during the year $57,707,812, against $15,846.96 in the preceding year.

This movement of gold from the country began about May 1, 1888, and from that date to Sept. 30, 1889, the latest report, the value of the

Total

June 30, 1889:

Gold..

Silver.. Notes.

Total

As $100,000,000 of the gold in the Treasury is held to meet payment of United States notes, strictly speaking, that amount should be taken in each case from the available amount of gold in the Treasury. It will be seen from this statement that there has been in the aggregate a shrinkage of about $33,000,000 in the currency of the country during the past year, taking into account the amount in the Treasury, while outside the Treasury alone there has been a small

gold bars shipped amounted to $61,435,989, consigned to countries as follow: France, $27,692.855; England, $18.717,087; Germany, $15,026,047; total, $61,435,989. Most of these shipments took place when sight exchange on London was worth in New York from $4.884 to $4.89 per pound sterling, and it is safe to say that, at present prices of transportation, rates of interest, and insurance, it would pay no one to ship gold abroad when the pound sterling-whose par is