the independence of the country recovered in 1640. In 1807 the royal family fled to Brazil, and in 1815 the colony was declared a kingdom. After the Portuguese court returned to Europe in 1821, a national Congress, assembled in Rio de Janeiro, on May 13, 1822, chose Dom Pedro, the eldest son of King João, of Portugal, Perpetual Defender, and on Sept. 7 declared the independence of the country. On Oct. 12 Pedro was elected constitutional Emperor under the style of Pedro I. Dom Pedro I, who married the Archduchess Leopoldine of Austria, abdicated on April 7, 1831, in favor of his son, Pedro II. The infant Emperor's sister had succeeded to the throne of Portugal in 1826 as Maria II da Gloria. Pedro II was declared of age and assumed the government on July 23, 1840, and was crowned on July 18, 1841. During his minority the Government was administered at first by a single Regent, Dom Bonafacio de Andrada e Silva, the chief of the Democratic party, and after the defeat of Andrada's party in 1833 by a Council of Regency. He married the Princess Theresa, daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies on Sept. 4, 1843. The Emperor, soon after assuming the government in person, dissolved the Legislature. This measure led to insurrections in São Paulo and Minas-Geraes, the latter requiring the whole military force of the empire for its suppression. From that time Pedro held himself aloof from party struggles. The Democrats rebelled again in 1848 in Pernambuco, but since then the country has been tranquil. On Sept. 4, 1850, the Em

with Great Britain that was settled in favor of Brazil by the King of the Belgians in 1862. In alliance with Uruguay and the Argentine Republic he declared war against Paraguay in 1865, and took part in the first campaign, defeating the army with which Gen. Lopez invaded Brazil. The war was not ended till after the death of Lopez, when a peace was signed on June 20, 1870, giving Brazil an aggrandizement of territory. Dom Pedro in May, 1871, sailed for Europe, visiting England, France (where he at

tended the meetings of the French Geographical Society, which had elected him a corresponding member in 1868), and other countries of the Continent, and returning to Brazil on March 13, 1872. In 1876 he visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, and subsequently traveled through Europe and the East, reaching Rio de Janeiro again on Sept. 24, 1877. The Emperor held himself aloof from parties, and devoted himself to measures intended to de

velop the resources and advance the prosperity of Brazil. His high intelligence and prudent statesmanship made him one of the most popular sovereigns in the world. The great act of his reign was the abolition of slavery. Through his influence the Parliament in August, 1871, gave its approval to a preliminary measure for its gradual extinction. Broken in health and apparently destined soon to die, he left Brazil in 1886 for medical treatment in Europe, resigning the Government into the hands of his elder daughter, Isabel, who was the heir-apparent, the two sons of the Emperor having died in infancy. The Crown Princess, whose husband, Louis Philippe d'Orleans, the Conde d'Eu, was commander-in-chief of the military forces, but very unpopular in the army, was esteemed for her good qualities of heart, but was dreaded and disliked by all classes of Brazilians on account of her religious and political prejudices. Unlike the father, she insisted in interfering in political questions. Pedro had put an end to the political influence of the clergy and destroyed their pretensions to domination by his vigorous attitude toward the bishops in 1874, two of whom were imprisoned for two years. He had signed decrees banishing the Jesuits and other orders, and ordaining that the great possessions of the monasteries should eventually escheat to the state. His daughter recalled the Jesuits, who were not legally permitted to reside in Brazil, and other expelled orders, secured for them the charge of education, gave foreign Jesuits a controlling influence, not only over the court, but also over the secular clergy, who resented their censorship and espionage. The Republicans, who have long formed a majority of the dominant class, although the electoral machinery did not admit of their playing an important part in Parliament, which has always been made up almost entirely of representatives of the party that happened to be in power and in control of the elections, declared that the empire was safe as long as Pedro lived, but that there would be no third reign in Brazil. A measure of the Regent Isabel precipitated the revolution in November, 1889, after the return of the sick Emperor to Philippopolis. The slaves, many of them believing that they were legally free but were held in bondage by their masters without warrant of law, encouraged by the abolitionists, began to run away in great numbers, causing social and commercial confusion. The Regent, in order to put an end to this disturbed state of things, and at the same time perform a meritorious act, signed a decree of general emancipation. The planters, who form the ruling class in Brazil, were prepared for emancipation, but not until they had carried their measures to obtain compensation. By the act of the Regent the ferment was extended to the upper class, the dominant political element. A Republican meeting in Rio de Janeiro was broken up by the Regent's household troop of negro soldiers, called the Black Guard, and all the newspapers cried out against the suppression of free speech. The soldiers and officers of the army had lately shown great laxity of discipline, and when the ministry attempted by disciplinary measures to compel subordination they were driven over in a body to the Republicans. When the republic was proclaimed,

in November, 1889, a delegation waited on Pedro II at his palace at Petropolis, near Rio de Janeiro, and told him that his estates would be left to him and his civil list continued if he would sign an abdication. He said he would yield only to force, and repeated it when the same offers were made to him in prison in Rio de Janeiro. At length, with his wife and daughter and her husband and two children, he was placed on a steamer, and under the escort of a man-of-war was taken to Portugal, where soon afterward the Empress died.

The ex-Emperor is noted for his scientific and literary accomplishments. He has been a member of the French Academy of Sciences since 1877. He is proficient in English and German, as well as in Portuguese, Spanish, and French, and has always been a liberal patron of art, science, and literature, and has taken a deep interest in mechanical progress and in industrial and commercial matters.

PENNSYLVANIA, a Middle State, one of the original thirteen, ratified the Constitution Dec. 12, 1787; area, 45,215 square miles; population according to the last decennial census, (1880), 4,282,891; capital, Harrisburg.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, James A. Beaver, Republican; Lieutenant-Governor, William T. Davies; Secretary of State, Charles W. Stone; Treasurer, William B. Hart, who died on Nov. 8, and was succeeded by William Livsey; Auditor-General, Thomas McCamant; Secretary of Internal Affairs, Thomas J. Stewart; Attorney-General, W. S. Kirkpatrick; Superintendent of Public Instruction, E. E. Higbee, who died on Dec. 13; Insurance Commissioner, J. M. Forster; Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court. Edward M. Paxon; Justices, James P. Sterrett. Henry Green, Silas M. Clark, Henry W. Williams, James T. Mitchell, and J. B. McCollum.

Finances. The balance remaining in the treasury on Dec. 1, 1888, was $3,687,035.65; for the year ensuing the total receipts were $8,465,399.22, of which $6,528,956.91 accrued to the general fund and $1,936,442.31 to the sinking fund; the expenditures for the same time were $8,182,847.34; the balance remaining in both funds on Nov. 30, 1889, was $3,969,587.53. The expenditures from the general fund were larger than in any previous year, and exceeded the receipts by $66,281.76. This excess was caused by the large appropriations, including $2,000,000 for support of schools.

Among the tax receipts were the following items: On corporation stock and limited partnerships, $1,952,771.54; on gross receipts (corporations), $517,256.34; on gross premiums, $49.906.64; on the stock of bank, safe deposit, and trust companies, $469,900.82; tax on net earnings or income, $71,668.19; tax on loans-county and municipal, $144,788.79; private corporations, $103 530.41.

The following were the more important expenditures: Senate, $180,740.95; House of Rep resentatives, $436,754.85; judiciary, $508,468.94; public printing, $241,807.14; loans redeemed, $881,950; interest on loans, $619,606.04; State College, $111,440; charitable institutions, $700,982.80; indigent insane, $319,043.49: penitentiaries, $144,723.75; Huntingdon Reformatory,

$152,350; House of Refuge, $95,000; Morganza Reform School, $37,373.17; Soldiers' Home, $94,250; soldiers' orphans' schools, $300,228.86; common schools, $1,072,865.54; National Guard, $391,784.83; Gettysburg monument, $83,500.

The State debt on Dec. 1, 1889, was $13,856,971.28, having been reduced during the year $881,950 by the retirement of bonds representing that value. The assessed valuation of personal property liable to the State tax for 1889 was $446,815,803.16, the three-mill levy on which yielded a revenue of $1,340,447.40.

Legislative Session. The regular biennial session of the State Legislature began on Jan. 1, and adjourned on May 9. Early in the session the two proposed constitutional amendments adopted by the Legislature of 1887 were readopted, and provision was made for their submission to the people at a special election on June 18. These amendments prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, abolish the poll-tax qualification for voting, and reduce the length of residence in any election district, required of voters, from two months to thirty days. A new revenue law, passed at this session, provides for a State tax of three mills, to be levied on "all mortgages, all moneys owing by solvent debtors, whether by promissory note, or penal or single bill, bond, or judgment; all articles of agreement and accounts bearing interest; all public loans, except of the Commonwealth or the United States; all loans issued by, or shares of stock in, any bank, corporation, association, or limited partnership, except such as are hereafter mentioned as liable to or exempt from a tax on their capital stock; "all moneys loaned or invested outside of the State; and all other moneyed capital in the hands of individual citizens of the State." The same rate shall be assessed upon vehicles used for hire, and upon annuities over $200. These taxes shall be collected and paid over by the counties to the State treasurer, who shall refund to them one third for the expenses of collection. All corporations, joint-stock associations, and limited partnerships, except banks, savings institutions, foreign insurance companies, and manufacturing corporations, shall pay a tax of half a mill or three mills upon their capital stock, according as their total annual dividends reach or fall short of 6 per cent. on the stock. Railroad, pipe-line, canal, steamboat, express, palace and sleeping car, and certain other transportation companies, and telegraph, telephone, and electric light companies shall pay eight mills on their gross receipts from traffic or business wholly within the State. Domestic insurance companies shall pay the same rate upon the gross premiums and assessments received from business in the State, and foreign insurance companies 2 per cent. of the gross premiums from business in the State. Banks and savings institutions that elect to pay a six-mill tax on their shares shall be exempt from local and State taxation, except for real property held by them. Otherwise their shares will be liable to the threemill State tax, besides local taxes. The net earnings or income of certain other corporations or limited partnerships shall be subject to a tax of per cent.

An act for the protection of miners establishes "miners' examining boards" in the anthracite

coal region, and provides that no one shall be allowed to engage as a miner in any anthracite coal mine unless he has been granted a certificate by such board. No one shall be granted a certificate unless it is shown that he has had two years' practical experience as a mine laborer. The annual appropriation for public schools was increased from $1,500,000 to $2,000,000. Other acts of the session were as follow:

facturing establishment longer than sixty hours a Providing that no minor shall work in any manuweek; that no child under twelve years shall ever be employed in such places; that well-holes and machinery shall be properly protected; that at least forty-five minutes shall be allowed employés for their noon meal; that proper heat, light, ventilation, and sanitary arrangements shall be furnished; and that a factory inspector shall be appointed by the Governor. To authorize the chartering of associations of employés for their mutual aid and benefit in their trade

concerns.

To punish persons that unlawfully use or wear the insignia of the Loyal Legion or the Grand Army of the Republic, or the Union Veteran Legion. of a nautical school at Philadelphia for the training of Providing for the establishment and maintenance youth in navigation, on some vessel furnished by the State or the United States. Also, to provide for the organization of a naval battalion, which shall form a part of the State militia.

Giving persons on bicycles and tricycles the same rights and duties on the public highways as persons in carriages drawn by horses.

day, to be known as Labor Day. Making the first Monday in September a legal holi

Assenting to the act of Congress establishing agricultural experiment stations, and appointing the Pennsylvania State College to receive the benefit of the act. Enabling State banks to become national banks. Providing a new law regulating escheats. Prohibiting the sale of cigarettes to persons under sixteen years of age.

the Gettysburg battle-field, ceding jurisdiction over it Consenting that the United States may purchase when purchased, and exempting it from taxation. Appointing a commission to find some means of reducing or utilizing the waste of coal-mining.

To prevent discriminations between insurants of the same class in life-insurance policies.

private banking or savings institution who receives Providing that the officer or agent of any public or deposits, knowing that the institution is insolvent, shall be guilty of embezzlement.

Punishing persons defacing or injuring public statues and monuments.

Providing that payments, rentals, or royalties charged on coal or mineral land may be mortgaged in the same manner as the land itself. savings-banks and institutions without capital stock Providing for the incorporation and regulation of established for the encouragement of saving money. Establishing a commission to care for and maintain, at the expense of the State, all soldiers' children who shall remain in the soldiers' childrens' homes on June 30, 1890, the date at which such homes shall be closed by law, and to continue such care till the children reach the age of sixteen years.

Education. For the school year ending in 1889 the following are the statistics: Districts, 2,317; schools, 21,889: graded schools, 10,117; male teachers, 8,191; female teachers, 15,726; monthly salary, male teachers, $39; monthly salary, female teachers, $30.31; pupils enrolled, 954.409: average attendance, 687,355; tuition, $6,669,797.51; new buildings and rent, $2,054,004.39; total cost of schools, $11,902,260.82.

At the twelve State normal schools the number

of students in 1888 was 5,845, and in 1889, 6,278. Of these, 1,320 in 1888 and 1,373 in 1889 were in the model schools, and 4,533 in 1888 and 4,969 in 1889 were in the normal departments. The expenditures for 1888 were $487,632.36, and for 1889 $551,808.71. The State appropriation for 1888 was $85,000, and for 1889 $138,750.

Charities. In the State hospitals 1,523 insane patients were admitted during the year ending Sept. 30, 1888, and within the same period 1,173 were discharged, showing an increase of but 350 during the year.

The number remaining in the hospitals at the close of the year was 4,572. There were at the same time 541 patients in private hospitals and houses, 744 in the Philadelphia Hospital, 588 in almshouses, and 65 in prisons. In 1883 there were 1,510 insane persons in the almshouses. The reduction since that time has been caused largely by the efforts of the Commission of Lunacy to secure transfers to the State hospitals.

Prisons. For the fiscal year 1888 the population of the two State penitentiaries shows the following changes: Eastern Penitentiary-number of convicts at beginning of year, 1,053; received during year, 570; discharged, 509; remaining at close of year, 1,114. Western Penitentiary-convicts at beginning of year, 679; received during year, 248; discharged, 274; remaining, 653.

The Brooks High-license Law.-Under this law, which went into effect June 1, 1888, applications for license are advertised and must be made at least three weeks before the first day of hearing; the application must be accompanied by the bond of two persons not engaged in the liquor business, in $2,000 each, and by the indorsement and petition of twelve reputable electors of the same ward. The fee is $500. Violation of the provisions of the law includes imprisonment as a necessary part of the penalty. Licenses are granted only by the Court of Common Pleas; and, after all these conditions have been fulfilled, the court still has unlimited discretionary power. The enactment of this law aroused the deepest feeling. When, therefore, in the spring of 1888, the licensing court began its hearings, it was in the midst of an intense general interest, especially in Pittsburg and Philadelphia, where it soon became evident that the judges intended to exercise their discretionary power to its full extent. In Philadelphia the number of licenses granted the year before the enactment of the Brooks law was 5,773. The licensing court in 1888 granted but 1.347, and in 1889 only 1,205. Through the State there was no such marked effect, because, except in the two cities named, the special feature of the law (license by the court) had existed before: and as the principle of the new law was not essentially different, neither was the manner of executing it. The best results in the cities named are directly traceable to the large discretionary power that the law confers upon the court. High-license fees alone would not have effected the great reduction in the number of saloons, as was shown by the fact that at both sessions of the court the number of applications was between 3,000 and 4,000. But, in an appeal of the Prospect Brewery Company, which had been refused a license, the Supreme Court, reversing the decision of the

lower court ("Weekly Notes of Cases," vol. xxiv, p. 177), held that the issuance of a license to such wholesale dealers-those who sell not less than a quart-as have fulfilled the form of the law, is mandatory. The phraseology of this decision, perhaps not less than its conclusions, led the lower court to the unusual course (“Weekly Notes of Cases," vol. xxiv, p. 198) of making a public reply. The effect of the decision was an immediate impairment of the force of the law, but it suggested a remedy. The Law-and-Order Society of Philadelphia publish statistics of the first ten months' operation of the law, which show a decrease in the commitments to the county prison of 37 per cent.; and, according to the official records of mortality, the deaths from alcoholism within the time of the operation of the Brooks law have been reduced 60 per cent., and from mania a potu more than 50 per cent.

Prohibitory and Poll-Tax Amendments. -Soon after the action of the Legislature, in passing the prohibitory amendment, rendered it certain that the question of constitutional prohibition would be submitted to the people this year, a State Prohibition Convention was called, to meet at Harrisburg on Feb. 18, for the purpose of organizing for the canvass. There were 774 delegates, representing every county in the State. A State Amendment Canvass Committee was appointed, containing one representative from each county, and resolutions were adopted declaring the entire unanimity of all Prohibitionists in this movement. The committee gathered funds, brought speakers from other States, and made provision for a thorough and systematic_canvass. But the amendment received at the June election but slightly more than one third of the entire vote cast. The exact vote was: Yes, 296,617; no, 484,644.

For the amendment abolishing the poll-tax qualification for voters, and reducing the time of residence in any election district required of voters from two months to thirty days, no special efforts were made by any organized committee or party. This proved to be even more unpopular than the prohibitory amendment, receiving only 183,371 affirmative to 420,323 negative votes.

Floods. The ruin wrought in Pennsylvania by the floods in the last days of May and the early ones of June, 1889, was not confined to Johnstown and the valley of the Conemaugh (see JOHNSTOWN). Great havoc was effected over an extended region in the central and western parts of the State. Next to Johnstown, the loss at Williamsport, on the west bank of the Susquehanna, was most notable. The flood here rose to the height of thirty-four feet, and the great Susquehanna boom of 200.000,000 feet of logs and 40,000,000 feet of sawed lumber was scattered in one great wreck over the country. Mills and other industrial establishments were utterly ruined, and not a few lives lost. The flood-mark was seven feet higher than ever known before. The streams had risen steadily during four days, and reached the full flood-mark on Saturday night, June 1st. For many miles the adjacent valley was a great lake, and fully three quarters of the city was submerged from three to five feet. The main element of the business interests of Williamsport, which is that of lumber, was for the time ruined. Many of the scenes of danger,

exposure, and rescue were almost as thrilling as those of Johnstown, but the loss of life was comparatively small. The railroad tracks and bridges of the Pennsylvania Central and Northern Central roads were all swept away. There was great destruction to property and considerable to life through the entire Juniata valley, in the central part of the State. The worst ruin occurred between Tyrone and Lewiston, especially about Huntingdon City. At this point people had been compelled to flee for their lives on the night of May 30, and at daybreak only the chimney-tops were visible over the raging waters. The only fragment of a bridge left in the county was that of the Huntingdon and Broadtop Railroad. The loss of values in railway bridges alone reached $200,000. In Clinton County, of which Lockhaven is the principal town, there were twenty-seven lives lost, but in Lockhaven itself people had minded a timely warning and removed their furniture and household gear to high ground. The aggregate of lives lost in the numerous small towns of the Juniata and Susquehanna valleys was, however, not inconsiderable. In the latter-named region, next to Williamsport and Lockhaven, the places that suffered most in property loss were Clearfield, Tyrone City, Mill Hall, and Renovo. Sunbury, which is at the junction of the two branches of the Susquehanna river, is a great center of the iron, coal, and lumber industries. The loss of life here was fifty, and that of property enormous, reaching nearly $3,000,000. The main havoc was wrought in Clearfield, Clinton, Lycoming, Elk, Cameron, Northumberland, Centre, Indiana, McKean, Somerset, Bedford, Huntingdon, Blair, and Jefferson counties, aside from Cambria County, where the Johnstown disaster dwarfed all others. In the Alleghany valley, in the vicinity of Dubois, Red Bank, New Bethlehem, and Driftwood, the loss was also very large, as it swept away every saw-mill from one of the leading lumber regions of the State. The earlier and exaggerated estimate of loss to the State, including the damage done to corporations, was $40,000,000. More careful and conservative computation, estimating salvage, reduces these figures to nearly $25,000,000, though exact statements have been difficult to obtain. The total loss of life in the State by the floods (exclusive of Johnstown and the Conemaugh valley) was about two hundred.

The pathway of destruction in the State was mainly along the route of the Pennsylvania Railway and its branches, the Northern Central and Philadelphia and Erie. The actual mileage of breaks and washouts was a little over thirty-six miles, though these extended over a total length of nearly two hundred miles. No official statement has ever been made of the losses to the Pennsylvania Railroad, nor is it possible to obtain them. These must reach several million dollars, as much more expensive bridges have been erected in many cases than those existing before. To any estimate of loss must be added, too, that which is caused by interruption of traffic-a widespread and serious one.

Political. On August 7 a Republican State Convention was held at Harrisburg to nominate a candidate for State Treasurer. The convention selected Henry K. Boyer by acclamation, and VOL. XXIX.-44 A

adopted a platform which contained, among others, the following declarations:

If protection to American industry be the cornerstone of our political faith, then protection to those who fought in defense of the Union is its capstone. We advocate such amendments to the pension laws as will make adequate provision for all honorably discharged veterans of the late war, whose advancing years, wounds, or other infirmities disable them from nation from dissolution should be saved by the nation total or partial self-support. Those who saved the from penury, and we heartily commend the wise and friendly liberality shown by Commissioner Tanner to his brother soldiers in the conscientious discharge of the duties of his office.

The Republican party having in 1886 declared in favor of the submission of the question of the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors Legislatures, through the methods ordained by the to a vote of the people, and having, in two successive Constitution and in spite of Democratic opposition provided the machinery for reaching a fair expression of the public sentiment, and the vote, to secure which it was pledged, having been taken, declares that it has fully and honorably fulfilled its compact.

In view of the result of said election and having regard for the preservation of the purity of the homes of our Commonwealth, we heartily indorse the Brooks high-license law, and recommend such amendments thereto as will tend to its proper and progressive improvement, and also bring within its scope the control of wholesale liquors.

The Prohibitionist State Convention met at the same place on Aug. 28, and nominated J. R. Johnston for State Treasurer. The platform deand of more rigorous naturalization laws. Since clares in favor of the Australian ballot system, both the Republican and Democratic parties are pledged to the legalization of the liquor-traffic, good citizens of whatsoever previous party affiliation, who favor the abolition of the drink-traffic invited to unite with the Prohibition party. by legislative and constitutional enactments, are

The Democrats met in State Convention at

Harrisburg on Sept. 4, and selected Edmund A. Bigler as their candidate. The resolutions adopted demand a revision and reduction of the tariff taxes, condemn all forms of "trusts," oppose clude the following: the indiscriminate granting of pensions, and in

We accept the decision of the people of Pennsylvania rendered by the ballot on the prohibitory amendment as a declaration in favor of a reasonable, just, and effective regulation of the traffic in ardent spirits.

We hold the Republican party responsible for the failure to pass any law for the relief of the manual laborers of the State of Pennsylvania, and we recommend the enacmentt of such laws as will give equal protection and equal opportunities in every branch of industry to all citizens irrespective of race, religion, or nativity.

We favor the Australian ballot system.

At the election in November, Boyer received 341,244 votes, Bigler 280,318, and Johnston 22,401. The total vote was more than 100,000 less than that for Treasurer in 1887, and nearly 150,000 less than the total vote on the prohibitory amendment in June.

Philadelphia's New Charter. - The new city charter, known popularly as the "Bullitt bill," and technically as "An act to provide for the better government of cities of the first class in this Commonwealth," became a law in 1885, and by ordinance of councils became operative