Kennedy, Benjamin Hall, an English philologist, born near Birmingham in 1804; died, April 6, 1889. He entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1823, and bore away all the principal classical prizes. He took his degree in 1827, and the next year was elected a fellow and appointed classical lecturer at his college. He became head master at Shrewsbury in 1836. For the thirty years that he was at the head of that school, he was the most successful classical teacher in England. On resigning in 1867 he was appointed Regius Professor of Greek at Cambridge and a canon of Ely Cathedral. He published a "Public-School Latin Grammar," and also Latin, Greek, and English poetry, translations from the Greek dramatists in verse, and from Plato. Dr. Kennedy was largely instrumental in securing the admission of women to degrees at Cambridge and the success of Girton and Newnham Colleges.

Knoodt, Franz Peter, a German theologian, born in Boppard, Nov. 6, 1811; died in Bonn, Jan. 27, 1889. He studied theology in Bonn and Tübingen, entered the Catholic seminary in Trier in 1833, and received priest's orders in 1835; was a chaplain for two years, and then teacher of religion in the Trier gymnasium till 1841. He resigned in order to seek the personal instruction of the theologian Anton Günther, with whom he passed three years in Vienna. He was then appointed an extraordinary professor, and in 1847 ordinary Professor of Philosophy at Bonn, filling this chair till his death. His theological views involved him in controversies with Cardinal von Geissel and other Ultramontane Catholics, and, after the condemnation by the Church of Günther's philosophy, his lecture room was almost deserted. After the dogma of infallibility was proclaimed in 1870, he became a leader in the Old Catholic movement, founded many parishes, and from 1878 till his death was vicar-general of his diocese. He published theological works. Kraieffski, Andrei, a Russian journalist, born in Moscow in 1810; died in St. Petersburg in September, 1889. While yet a youth he had an office in the Moscow provincial government, and contributed to the "Westnik" periodical. He went to St. Petersburg, made a reputation by introducing Slavophile ideas in the journals of the capital, became one of the editors of the "Sovremennik" in 1837, and in 1839 purchased the Sapisski," which, by the aid of the talents of the critic Belinski, became the first review in Russia. Foreseeing the rising importance of the daily press, he leased the "Vjedomosti," which he enlarged and improved, and when the lease expired, taking with him the staff and a large part of the advertising patronage, he founded the " Golos," for which he secured the services of the most brilliant and eminent Russian journalists and littérateurs. When it was finally suppressed by the order of Count Tolstoi, in February, 1883, on the ground of malicious opposition to the Government, Kraicffski retired.

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Leclercq, Matthieu, a Belgian jurist, born in Herve, Jan. 30, 1796; died in Brussels, March 16, 1889. He became a practicing lawyer at an early age, was a member of the National Congress that adopted the Constitution in 1830, and became procureur-général in the court of cassation, retaining the office till the legal age of retirement. In 1840 he entered the fourth Belgian Cabinet as Minister of Justice, and carried through important legislation. The ministry, though moderate in its Liberalism, incurred the hostility of the Clericals by its educational policy, and was defeated a year later. In 1847, when the Liberals again came into power, Leclercq was nominated minister to the Vatican; but the Pope refused at first to receive him, and, when he waived his objections, Leclercq would not recall his resignation.

Ledochowski, Mieceslas, Cardinal, formerly Archbishop of Gneisen-Posen, born in Gork, Oct. 29, 1822; died in Rome, Italy. He was the son of a Polish nobleman who emigrated when his party was vanquished in 1832. Educated in the Jesuit College of Nobles at Rome, the son was ordained priest in 1845, and a few years later went to South America. On

being expelled by the orders of Gen. Mesquera from Colombia, he was made an archbishop in partibus, appointed nuncio at Brussels in 1862, and in April, 1866, became Archbishop of Posen. He supported the Government in its conflict with the Polish Particularists, but fell into disfavor when he advocated the doctrine of papal infallibility at the council in Rome, and when he was rudely repelled by the Emperor, whose intervention he implored in behalf of the Pope after the entry of the Italian troops into Rome, he manifested his irritation on the first occa sion. In contravention of the ministerial decree of 1873 enjoining the use of German, he ordered his priests to teach the catechism in German, and in the controversy that followed he was sustained by the Holy See. He was commanded to resign his funetions, but resisted, and refused to pay the fines that were imposed under the May laws. His property was attached, and as that did not cover the amount he was sent to jail on Feb. 3, 1874, as an insolvent debtor, and three months later was deposed from his archiepiscopal functions. Pius IX retorted by making him a cardinal while he was still in prison. At the expiration of his sentence he took refuge in Rome, where the Pope gave him an asylum. When Herr von Schlözer, Prussian minister to the Vatican, negotiated with Leo X for a religious peace, he affected to consider Ledochowski as the chief obstacle; yet the Pope could not be brought either to remove him from the archbishopric or to send him away from the Vatican. Meanwhile the cardinal resigned his diocese into the hands of the Pope, and, when the basis of reconciliation with Prussia was reached, he left the Vatican to receive the lucrative appointment of secretary of apostolic briefs, which was understood as an implied dismissal, Dr. Dinders being appointed in his place as Archbishop of Posen.

Lewald, Fanny, a German novelist, born in Königstadt, March 24, 1811; died in Dresden, Aug. 5, 1889. She was the daughter of a Jewish merchant, who consented to her embracing Christianity in 1828. She traveled with her father in Germany in 1832 and the succeeding years, and formed an unfortunate attachment, that was subsequently reflected in her writings. Her descriptions of the Baltic coast and its inhabitants were drawn from her observations during a prolonged residence in Dantzic. She made in 1845 her first journey to Italy, whence she drew the subjects of several novels, and there met the German scholar Adolf Stahr, whom she married in 1855. She afterward traveled much in England and other countries, and lived in Berlin, where her house was the center of a large intellectual circle. She was a leader in the movement for raising the status of women, and opening for them new fields of active employment, and in 1869 joined Jenny Hirsch in editing "Die Fraunwelt," a journal devoted to women's rights. Her essay

Für und wider die Frauen" (1870) attracted wide attention to this subject. Fanny Lewald began to write for the public after 1840. Her principal novels are "Wandlungen" (1853); “Adele" (1855); "Die Kammerjungfer" (1856); “Neue Romane (1858); "Reisegefahrten" (1858); "Madchen von Hela" (1860); "Hausgenossen (1864); "Nella" (1870); "Von Geschlecht zu Geschlecht" (1864-'68); " Erlöserin" (1873); “ Benedikt ” (1874); "Benvenuto" (1876); "Helmar" (1880); Vater und Sohn" (1881); "Stella" (1883); and "Die Familie Dorner" (1887). In 1888 appeared a volume of reminiscences entitled "Zwölf Bilder aus dem Leben." Her autobiography was published in 1861 under the title of "Meine Lebensgeschichte."

Lightfoot, John Barber, an English theologian, born in Liverpool in 1828; died in Bournemouth. Dec. 21, 1889. He was educated at Cambridge, where he passed for his degree with the highest honors in 1851, became a fellow in 1852, and was subsequently a tutor. In 1861 he became Hulsean Professor of Divinity, and in 1875 Margaret Professor. He was examining chaplain to Dr. Tait (Bishop of London and afterward Archbishop of Canterbury), and was appointed a

canon of St. Paul's in 1871. With a degree of learning exceeding that of any other English clergyman, he combated the conclusions of the Tübingen school of biblical critics, and arrested the defection of English scholars from the old beliefs. In 1879 Dr. Lightfoot became the successor of Dr. Baring as Bishop of Durham. Among his publications were an edition of "St. Ignatius and St. Polycarp"; commentaries on St. Paul's epistles to the Galatians (1865), Philippians (1868), and to the Colossians and Philemon (1875); and a series of controversial essays in defense of revealed religion (1874-77). He was influential in bringing about the revision of the translation of the New Testament, and had a share in the work.

Löwenstein, Baroness Sophie, an Austrian author, born in 1811; died in Vienna in May, 1889. She was a daughter of Archduke Karl's friend Von Kleyle, and was celebrated for her beauty and intellect, and for the passion that she inspired in the poet Lenau, who immortalized her in his poems addressed to "Sophie." She published a novel entitled "Unglückliche Ehe."

Luis I, King of Portugal, born Oct. 31, 1838; died in Cascaĕs, Oct. 19, 1889. He was a son of Queen Maria II da Gloria and Prince Ferdinand of SaxeCoburg-Gotha, of the branch of the family that adopted the Catholic faith, his father having married the Princess of Kohary. In 1861 Dom Luís came unexpectedly to the throne through the sudden death (from typhus, cholera, or perhaps poison) of King Pedro V and two other brothers, while he and the Duke of Coimbra were permanently debilitated by the same mysterious malady. The political disturbances from which Portugal had suffered for nearly a century were not entirely allayed by the progressive rule of his father, the King-Regent, and for some time after his accession he was unable to form a stable Government, the last insurrection occurring in 1870, when the Duke of Saldanha forced his way into the palace with four battalions of soldiers, and by his threats forced the King to dismiss his Liberal Cabinet. Although he was quiet and retiring, devoted to literary and scientific studies, and devoid of the positive qualities of an ambitious ruler, Dom Luis conceived his public duties in a spirit of earnest patriotism, and by his diligent attention to affairs and his enlightened views and his wise and self-denying resolves did more than any other man to keep Portugal in the path of salutary progress. Gen. Prim, after the overthrow of Queen Isabella, pressed upon him the acceptance of the Spanish throne, but he was too patriotic to sacrifice his country's independence for personal and family ambition, although the inheritor of the Braganza blood and name only through the female line. Toward the restoration of the disabled finances of the Government he voluntarily relinquished a large part of the civil list. The public works that he promoted and the improvement in the finances and internal administration trebled the commerce in twenty-five years. The fleet and the army were reorganized and public instruction was developed, although the King was called upon to exercise à degree of combativeness and resolution that was not native to his character to withstand Clerical influences and machinations from within and without. The Republican movement he resisted with prudence without sacrificing popular liberties or throwing himself into the arms of the reactionaries. He cherished the hope of reviving the colonial greatness of Portugal, and through a long series of years promoted the explorations that had for their object the uniting of the Portuguese possessions on the east and west shores of Africa by a railroad and the economical development of one of the richest zones of the continent. In the numerous parliamentary and political crises that disturbed his reign he kept himself above the parties, and to this fact he owed his popularity. During his reign the finances were reestablished, slavery in the colonies was abolished, church estates were sold, the kingdom was divided into departments, and passports were abolished. He resisted the pretensions of the priesthood at the begin

ning of his reign, and the quarrel was renewed after his marriage with Maria Pia, the youngest daughter of Vittorio Emanuele, on Oct. 6, 1862. King Amadeo was not allowed by the clergy to stand godfather to his sister's child when a son and heir was born. In 1864-'65 the Portuguese Government forbade the bishops to promulgate the encyclicals of the Pope and the syllabus. Dom Luis was President of the Academy of Sciences in Lisbon, and kept himself informed of the progress in all fields of positive science and philosophical speculation, but took the keenest interest in geographical explorations, having in view fresh opportunities for Portugal in the sphere in which she won her past greatness and historical renown. He was also a man of artistic tastes, and as a literary scholar he produced a work of merit, a translation of several of the plays of Shakespeare, "Hamlet" appearing first in 1877 and the "Merchant of Venice" and "Richard III" in 1880. He is succeeded by his elder son, Carlos I, born in 1863.

MacDonald, John Cameron, an English journalist, born in Fort William, Scotland, in June, 1822; died near Croydon, Dec. 10, 1889. He became a reporter on the London "Times" at the age of twenty. In 1856 he became manager of the printing office of the paper, and on the retirement of Mowbray Morris he was made managing editor. As he was responsible for the publication of the forged Parnell letters, he worked indefatigably to gather evidence against the Irish leaders in the case before the special commission, until, in the autumn of 1889, his health broke down from the effects of exhaustive labor and chagrin.

Malmesbury, James Howard Harris, Earl of, an English statesman, born March 25, 1807; died May 17, 1889. He was graduated at Oxford in 1827, and traveled for several years. He entered politics in 1841, when, as Lord Fitzharris, he was elected to Parlia ment. In September of the same year he passed into the House of Peers as his father's successor. It was not till the Corn-Law crisis that he began to take an earnest part in politics, becoming one of the practical managers of the Tory party. Although his ignorance of history and politics, of the courtesies of debate, and even of grammar, was notorious, Lord Derby, his friend of long standing, made him Secretary for Foreign Affairs in the Cabinet that he formed in 1852, and in that office Lord Malmesbury was able to render a great service to his old personal friend, Louis Napoleon, by recognizing the French Empire while all the other governments of Europe were still hesitating. This act and other parts of the foreign policy of the Government were subjected to severe examination. It was Mr. Disraeli's financial schemes, however, that caused the fall of the Cabinet at the end of ten months, and when Lord Derby again formed a Cabinet in February, 1858, he called Lord Malmesbury to his old post. In this capacity he endeavored to avert the Italian war, but was charged by Lord Palmerston with unduly sustaining Austrian despotism, and in June, 1859, the Government was overthrown on this question. When Lord Derby became Prime Minister for the third time in 1866, he again offered Lord Malmesbury the Foreign Office, but the troublesome post was this time declined, and that of Lord Privy Seal accepted in its stead. This office he likewise held in the Disraeli ministries of 1868 and 1874. until 1876, when he resigned on account of deafness. In 1869 Lord Malmesbury made a series of vigorous speeches against the measure to create life peerages, which had the effect of defeating the bill by a majority of 106 to 77 votes in the House of Lords. Lord Malmesbury edited the "Diplomatic Journal and Correspondence" of his grandfather, the first Lord Malmesbury (London, 1844), and "The First Lord Malmesbury and his Friends: a Series of Letters from 1745 to 1820," and published "Memoirs of an ex-Minister" (1884).

Marie, Queen-Dowager of Bavaria, born in Berlin, Oct. 15, 1825; died in Hohenschwangau. May 17, 1889. She was the youngest daughter of Prince Wil helm of Prussia, brother of King Friedrich Wilhelm III, and his wife, the Princess Maria Anna of Hesse

Homburg. On Oct. 12, 1842, she married the Crown Prince Maximilian, who on the abdication of his father, Ludwig I, ascended the Bavarian throne on March 21, 1848. Her husband died in 1864, and her son Ludwig, then eighteen years old, became King. In 1874 the widowed Queen, who till then had adhered to the Protestant faith in which she was reared, publicly embraced Catholicism.

Marilley, Bishop, a Swiss ecclesiastic, born in Chatel St. Denis, Oct. 29, 1804; died in Freiburg, in January, 1889. He was educated in the Jesuit college at Freiburg, took priest's order on May 29, 1831, and was pastor and principal of the diocesan seminary at Geneva. When he was named city preacher in 1843 the Government opposed the selection, and expelled him from the canton. On Jan. 19, 1846, Gregory XVI nominated him Bishop of Geneva, and he was consecrated as such at Freiburg on March 15. In consequence of the conflict between him and the Radical Government of Geneva, he was arrested in the night of Oct. 25, 1848, and taken over the border of the canton Vaud, where he was confined in the Castle of Chillon for forty-seven days. On Oct. 30 Bern, Freiburg, Vaud, Neufchâtel, and Geneva decreed his removal from office and his banishment. When released from prison, he fixed his residence in Divonne, near the Swiss frontier, near Geneva. On May 18, 1855, the Radical Government of Freiburg rescinded the decree of banishment. He was likewise permitted to revisit Geneva. He was bishop of the diocese of Geneva till 1879, when he was discharged by the Pope. In 1883 he was advanced to the dignity of an archbishop in partibus.

Massai, Guglielmo, Cardinal, an Italian missionary. born in Piova, near Asti, June 8, 1809; died near Naples, Aug. 5, 1889. He entered the order of Franciscan Capuchins after a brilliant university career, became a lecturer in theology, and when Gregory XVÍ committed to the Capuchins the task of spreading Catholic Christianity in Abyssinia, he departed in 1845 as the head of the mission, having been created titular Bishop of Casia and Vicar-Apostolic of Upper Ethiopia. He labored among the Gallas of Shoa. On the suspicion that he and his priests were spies and emissaries of ambitious European powers, the bishop was many times thrown into prison and threatened with death, and was expelled from the country eight times. After the last decree of banishment, he returned to Europe, and at the invitation of Leo XIII, recounted his thirty-five years of missionary work in a volume entitled "I miei trente cinque anni di missione nell' Alta Etiopia." He was made a cardinal on Nov. 10, 1884.

Mayer, Karl, a German politician, born in Esslingen, Sept. 9, 1819; died in Stuttgart, Oct. 14, 1889. He was a son of the poet Karl Mayer, Uhland's bosom friend. He attended the gymnasia at Heilbronn and Stuttgart, and studied law at Tübingen, where he consorted with a group of students who cherished democratic convictions. At the age of twenty-five he was elected to the Frankfort Parliament as a representative of the Würtemberg People's party, of which he was the founder and leader, and he went with the Rump Parliament to Stuttgart, and into exile when the reaction finally triumphed. On being amnestied after ten years, he returned from Switzerland to Würtemberg, and defended his ideas of a liberal and united German federation in the "Beobachter." He appealed to the south Germans to resist Prussian domination and militarism after Sadowa, and by his speeches and writings attained such popularity that King Karl once said: "I do not know whether I or whether Karl Mayer is King of Würtemberg"; and this popularity was not lessened by his incarceration at Hohenasperg for having offended Count Bismarck. By an alliance with the Clericals, his party had a temporary success at the elections that were held after the desertion of the National Liberals by Prince Bismarck, and Mayer returned to public life for a season, being elected to the Reichstag in 1881 and again in 1884, but in 1887 he was defeated.

Meyer, H. A., a German naturalist, born in Hamburg, Sept. 10, 1822; died in Kiel, May 1, 1889. He was the son of a Hamburg manufacturer, and, after receiv ing a commercial training, he came to the United States, and established a branch concern, returning on his father's death in 1848 to assume the direction of the entire business. At the age of thirty-six he retired from mercantile life in order to devote himself to science; and after studying in Kiel and Berlin, he gave his attention to the study of the sea and marine life. His "Contribution on the Physics of the Ocean" gave him a wide reputation. He was placed at the head of the commission for the exploration of German seas in 1870, and devised apparatus and methods of investigation that have been copied in other countries. In 1877 and 1878 he was elected to the Reichstag.

Monaco, Charles III, Prince of, born Dec. 8, 1818; died near Laon, Sept. 11, 1889. He succeeded his father, Florestan I, June 20, 1856. His family, the Grimaldis, dates as a sovereign house from the tenta century. Two years after his accession the first stone was laid of the Casino of Monte Carlo, which, after the suppression of public gaming-tables in Germany, was almost the only open gambling resort in Europe. The revenues from this source enabled the prince to abolish all taxes in 1869 and to spend large sums in beautifying his small dominion of eight square miles and improving the condition of his 8,000 subjects. He was nearly blind during his later years, living in retirement in Paris and at the Chateau Marchais.

Monts, Count Alexander von, a German naval officer, born Aug. 9, 1832; died Jan. 19, 1889. Entering the navy as a midshipman at the age of seventeen, he distinguished himself on March 17, 1864, in a fight with the Danish squadron off Jasmund, having risen to the rank of lieutenant. He was commander of the "Grosser Kurfürst" when that frigate went down in the English Channel on May 31, 1878, and was the last man to leave the sinking ship. He was brought twice before a court-martial, and both tribunals acquitted him of blame for the loss of the vessel. He was promoted rear-admiral, and in 1883, when Gen. von Caprivi became Chief of the Admiralty, he was placed in command of the marine station on the North Sea, where he won the confidence of the Prince of Prussia, who, when he dismissed Gen. von Caprivi, after becoming Emperor, made Count Monts Admiralin-Chief of the Navy in July, 1888, with provisional charge of the naval department of the Government pending its reorganization.

Murska, Ilma de, a Hungarian singer, born in Budapesth, Hungary, in 1943; died in Munich, Jan. 14, 1889. She was the daughter of an officer in the Austrian army. She made her début at the Pergola, Florence, in 1862, and sang in Buda-pesth, Vienna, Berlin, and Hamburg until 1865, when she first appeared at Her Majesty's, London, on May 11 of that year as Lucia in Bellini's "Lucia di Lammermoor." She gave a new reading to this part-that of an impulsive and excited Lucia, whose madness in the great scene of the third act was wild, passionate, and flighty, and she sang the brilliant music with great skill. Between 1865 and 1873 she was engaged at Her Majesty's, Covent Garden, and Drury Lane, London, and traveled on the Continent between the opera seasons. In 1873-79 she visited the United States, Cuba, and Australia, and appeared first in New York as Amina in "La Sonnambula" in October, 1873. She achieved peculiar success in portraying the fantastic, and her best parts of this class were: Astrafiammenta, in "Die Zauberflöte"; Dinorah, in "Le Pardon de Ploërmel"; and Senta, in "Der Fliegende Hollömder." She was also successful as Marguerite de Valois in "Les Huguenots," as Linda in Linda di Chamounix," and as Ophelia in Thomas's "Hamlet." Her voice was a light soprano of nearly three octaves' compass, and she sang the most elaborate and difficult phrases of ornamentation with taste, skill, and certainty. She possessed a remarkable memory, and frequently learned her part

by reading the notes while lying in bed. In 1887-'88 she taught vocal music in Mrs. Thurber's National Conservatory of Music, New York, and her last appearance in public in that city was at a concert at Chickering Hall, Dec. 29, 1887. She was married several times, once to Count Nugent.

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Noiré, Ludwig, a German philosopher, born in Alzey, March 26, 1829; died in Mayence, March 26, 1889. He was for many years a teacher in the gymnasium at Mayence. His chief works are "Die Welt als Entwicklung des Geistes" (1874); "Der monistische Gedanke" (1875); "Die Doppelnatur der Causalitāt (1876); Einleitung und Begründung einer monistischen Erkentnisstheorie " (1877); " Ursprung der Sprache"; "Das Werkzeug und seine Bedeutung für die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Menschheit" (1880); "Logos " (1885); and "Die Entwicklung der abendländischen Philosophie bis zur Kritik der reinen Vernunft.'" In his philosophical system he sought to bring into harmony teachings of Spinoza, of Schopenhauer, and of modern natural science. Dr. Noiré was a practical teacher whose methods were celebrated. He was the author of French and Italian grammars and reading books for German learners.

Norquay, John, a Canadian statesman, born near Fort Garry, Manitoba, May 8, 1841; died in Winnipeg, July 5, 1889. He was of mixed Scotch and Indian parentage, and was educated at St. John's Academy, Red River Settlement. He secured the confidence of both the authorities and the half-breeds during the negotiations after the Red River Rebellion, and on the formation of the Government was elected to the first Manitoba Parliament in 1870. In December, 1871, he was appointed Minister of Public Works and Agriculture. He resigned in 1874, joined the Davis administration in 1875, and in May, 1876, was made Minister of Public Works. In October, 1878, he formed a ministry, becoming Premier and Colonial Treasurer. From 1874 till his death he sat in the Legislature, of which he was the only member that held a seat from the beginning. He continued at the head of the provincial administration for nearly ten years, resigning in January, 1888. He promoted the legislation on municipalitities, drainage, and county courts. His vigorous railroad policy brought him into conflict with the Dominion Government. He represented the province on several delegations to the Federal Government at Ottawa, and secured the enlargement of its boundaries and an increase of the subsidy from the Dominion.

Ouseley, Frederick Arthur Gore, an English musician, born in London Aug. 12, 1825; died in Oxford, April 6, 1889. In 1844 he succeeded to the title of his father, Sir Gore Ouseley, who was an eminent Orientalist, and at one time ambassador to Persia, and afterward to St. Petersburg. At an early age the son exhibited musical talent, and in 1850 he received the degree of Mus. Bac. from Oxford, where he was graduated B. A. in 1846 and M. A. in 1849. In the latter year he took orders and officiated as curate in St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge. In 1855 he became Professor of Music at Oxford, which office he held until the time of his death. In the same year he was ordained priest and appointed precentor of Hereford Cathedral. In 1856 he became vicar of St. Michael's, Tenbury, and warden of St. Michael's College, an institution for the training of choristers, to which he gave a large part of his private fortune. In 1855 Oxford gave him the degree of Mus. Doc., for which event his oratorio "St. Polycarp," was written and performed. At Oxford he effected several improvements. The office of choragus was re-established and the standard for qualifications for musical degrees was raised. He also persuaded the university to grant honorary degrees in music. Sir Frederick was a skilled pianist and organist; in his extemporaneous playing of fugues and themes in contrapuntal treatment he was unexcelled. His compositions are chiefly for the Church. He wrote eleven services, one with orchestral accompaniments; seventy anthems: preludes, fugues, and sonatas for the organ; two string-quartets; glees,

songs, and part-songs; and two oratorios, "Hagar," performed at the Hereford Festival in 1873 and at the Crystal Palace, London, in 1874, and "St. Polycarp," given at Oxford in 1855 and at the Hereford Festival in 1888. He also edited the works of Orlando Gibbons, and the English edition of Naaman's "History of Music," and was the author of treatises on music, including "A Treatise on Harmony" (Oxford, 1868, 3d ed., 1882); "Counterpoint, Canon, and Fugue,' based on Cherubini's theories (1868; 2d. ed., 1884); and "Musical Form and General Composition" (1875; 2d. ed., 1886). He possessed one of the most valuable musical libraries in England.

Patti, Carlotta, an Italian musician, born in Florence in 1840; died in Paris, June 27, 1889. She was the daughter of Salvatore Patti, and the sister of Adelina and of Amalia Patti, who was married to Maurice Strakosch. Her early life was spent in America, and she was educated for a pianist by Henri Herz, but afterward gave her attention to singing. She made her début in New York at a concert in 1861, and also appeared in Italian opera, in which she was successful; but, owing to lameness, she was obliged to abandon the stage. She first appeared in London at a concert in Covent Garden, April 16, 1863. Subsequently she made concert tours on the Continent and in the United States. Her voice was a light soprano, of wide range, and of great facility in execution. On Sept. 3, 1879, she married Ernst de Munck, of Weimar, a violoncellist of reputation.

Pellegrini, Carlo, an Italian artist, born in Capua about 1830; died in London, Jan. 22, 1889. He fled from Naples after taking part in the unsuccessful rising under Garibaldi, and finally settled in London. In 1868 he began to contribute to "Punch" caricature portraits of eminent men, under the signature "Ape." These cartoons, which made the fortune of that journal, were continued till within a few months of his death.

Percy, John, an English metallurgist, born in Nottingham, England, March 23, 1817; died in London, June 19, 1889. He was graduated at the medical department of the University of Edinburgh in 1838, studied in the medical schools of Paris, and settled in Birmingham, where he became physician to the Queen's Hospital. He investigated the effect of alcohol on the animal economy, and in 1845 read before the British Association some "Contributions to the Chemistry of Diabetes." His attention was directed to the study of the chemical principles involved in metallurgical processes, and in 1851, when the Royal School of Mines was established, he was given the chair of Metallurgy, which he held until 1879. After settling in London, he abandoned the practice of medicine and devoted his leisure to technical research, taking special interest in the early development of photography. Dr. Percy also lectured on metallurgy to the advanced class of officers of the Royal Artillery, and for many years was Superintendent of Ventilation in the Houses of Parliament. In 1877 the Iron and Steel Institute conferred on him its Bessemer medal, and later he become president of that body. The Albert medal of the Society of Arts was awarded him two days before his death. His great work was the production of standard books on smelting. For more than a quarter of a century he directed all the metallurgical teaching in England, and nearly every English assayer of scientific reputation has been his pupil.

Peters, Karl, a German explorer, born in Neuhaus, Hanover, Sept. 27, 1856; died in Massailand in September, 1889. He studied in Tübingen, Gottingen, and Berlin, making solid acquirements. in spite of dissipations, and obtaining the gold medal of the philosophical faculty at Berlin in 1877 for a historical dissertation. Falling heir to a fortune by the death of his uncle Engels, the writer on music, in London, he published a philosophical work entitled "Willenswelt und Weltwille" (Leipsic, 1883), and traveled over Europe for a time. He then threw himself into the colonization scheme, founded the Society for German Colonization, guided the aims of the society in

the direction of East Africa, and in 1884 led the expedition that acquired the German possessions in that part of the world, becoming President of the German East African Society. On April 6, 1887, he left Berlin for the second time to direct the colonial development of the new acquisition. His aggressive and ambitious nature involved his Government in difficulties with England, and made him many enemies in Germany as well as in Africa. In the same year he was called back to Germany. He afterward originated the idea of rescuing Emin Pasha, when nothing had been heard for a long time of the English expedition of Stanley. His object was to secure the Equatorial Province ruled by Emin for Germany. Therefore his expedition was obstructed in every way by the English in Africa, who endeavored to prevent his landing. His own Government declared the enterprise, with its political objects, to be positively mischievous, and hence, it was not surprising that when he penetrated into the country of the Somalis and Massais he encountered their hostility, and lost his life.

Pettenkofen, August von, an Austrian painter, born in Vienna in 1820; died there March 20, 1889. He studied art in the Vienna Academy, abandoned the profession, and served for a long time as an officer in the Austrian army, and then returned to art, producing at first drawings and lithographs. His paintings were sought for, and eagerly acquired by collectors in Paris, where he established himself in 1860. His pictures are small and finished with extreme care. His favorite subjects were taken from the life of Hungarian soldiers and peasants. Among his best productions are "Soldiers watching for a Spy," "Marauders," "Scene after a Duel," "Hungarian Village,' ""Gypsies Bathing," and the "Ambulance" and "Hungarian Volunteer" in the Vanderbilt gallery, New York, and a Hungarian "Market Scene" in the Walter collection, Baltimore.

Philippovich, Baron Josef, an Austrian general, born 1818; died in Prague, Aug. 5, 1889. He entered the army at the age of eighteen, and when he was fortyone he had attained the rank of major-general, bearing himself with distinction in the campaign of 1848-49 and in the Italian war of 1859. In the German war of 1866 he also served with honor. In 1878 he commanded the forces against the Bosnians, and by a brilliant strategic development captured their citadel of Sarajevo. After conimanding the army of occupation for two years, he was restored to his former post as chief of the troops in Bohemia. The "Conqueror of Bosnia," as he was called, held the rank of feldzeugmeister.

Plante, Gaston, a French electrician, born in Orthez, France, May 22, 1834; died in Paris, May 22, 1889. He was educated at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers in Paris, and became an assistant in the laboratory of the physicist Becquerel. Subsequently he entered the service of Christofle & Co. as a chemist, and then began his researches on the nature of electrical polarization. His greatest achievement was his investigations on the voltameter, which, in 1859, resulted in the invention of the storage battery. This research was begun for the purpose of studying the effects of electric discharges of great quantity, which were not obtainable with frictional machines and Leyden jars. He experimented upon all conceivable metals and combinations of metals to be used for electrodes in voltameters, and as the result of his tests found that lead was the best active material from a practical point of view, although the amount of energy that he found it possible to store to the unit of weight was greater in the case of some other metals. With the development of electricity for lighting came the appreciation of the great value of his discovery. He also invented an instrument which he called the "machine rheostatique." It was essentially a commutator, which on being turned by a crank rapidly changed the grouping of the secondary cells from parallel to series. His latest investigations were devoted to the reproduction of meteorological phenomena in the laboratory by electrical effects, and he

succeeded in this way in imitating hail, globular lightning, and similar phenomena. Although he conducted much original research, he never patented his discoveries, but freely gave them to the world. He received a diplome d'honneur at the electrical exhibition in Paris in 1881, and his latest work, illus trated by apparatus and specimens, was shown at the World's Fair held in Paris this year. The Academy of Sciences gave him the Prix Lucaze, and the Society for the Encouragement of National Industries conferred on him its Ampère medal. The results of his investigations were communicated as separate papers to the Academy of Sciences, and these he issued collectively as "Rescherches sur l'Electricité” in 1879. He also published "Phenomènes Electriques de l'Atmosphere" (1888). His property at Belleone, near Paris, is, in accordance with the terms of his will, to be converted into a home for indigent scientists. He also provided for the establishment of a biennial prize of 3,000 francs, to be awarded by the Academy of Sciences, for the discovery of some new fact or property of electricity.

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Plunkett, Thomas Oliver Westenra, an Irish magistrate, born about 1835; died Dec. 6, 1889. He was a son of the twelfth Baron Louth. In the British army he served with distinction in the Crimean War and in the campaign in China. He was appointed a resident magistrate by Mr. Forster, and served in that capacity in Cork, Kerry, and Clare, accompanying Gen. Sir Redvers Buller in 1886, and assisting him to reorganize the constabulary for the suppression of moonlighting. In 1887 he carried out the evictions on the Ponsonby, Kingston, and O'Grady estates, and in reference to expected disturbances at Youghal sent the famous order, "Don't hesitate to shoot." Mitchelstown three men were shot by the police not long afterward. In 1888 he suppressed disturbances at Middleton, Cork, and Youghal, and at the lastnamed place received a blow on the head that, in the opinion of his physician, caused the tumor on his brain from which he died a year later. Under Mr. Balfour's administration Capt. Plunkett, though nominally having control only of the southern division, was practically intrusted with the organization and direction of the whole constabulary department. Pope, John Henry, a Canadian statesman, born in 1824; died about the middle of April, 1889. He entered public life in 1857 as a member of the Parlia ment of Upper Canada. When the Dominion was established in 1867 he was elected to the Federal House of Commons, of which he was continuously a member till his death. He was Minister of Agriculture in 1871-'73, and again from 1878 till 1885, and in the latter year he was transferred to the Ministry of Railroads and Canals, of which he had charge to the time of his death. He was guided by practical experience in administering the former department, being himself a large agriculturist. By quarantine regulations he checked the transit cattle trade from the Northwest of the United States, in order to promote the stock-raising and export interests of Canada. In 1880 he took part with Sir Charles Tupper and Sir John A. Macdonald in the negotiations in England that resulted in the formation of the Canada Pacific Railroad Company and the completion of the line.

Potocki, Count Alfred, an Austrian statesman, born in 1817; died in Paris, May 18, 1889. He was the possessor of one of the largest estates in Galicia, and of vast property in Russian Poland. Entering the Government service first as an attaché to the Austrian Embassy in London, he held a succession of employments and in 1867 entered the Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture. On April 12, 1870, he was appointed Prime Minister, and during his administration of eight months he tried the experiment that has been carried out with more success by Count Taafe of inducing the various Slav nationalities to reconcile their divergent interests and cast off the domination of the German element.

Quesada, Marshal, Marquis de Miravalles, a Spanish general, born in January, 1817; died in Madrid, Jan.