During the War of 1812 with England, the Du Pont works were the sole source of supply of powder for the American army, and had a daily capacity of about 2,000 pounds. The works have been enlarged since so that they can now produce 40,000 pounds a day. The firm supplied large quantities of powder to the American army in the Mexican War, and to the allied armies in the Crimean; and besides manufacturing day and night for the national army in the civil war, one of the firm was sent to Europe by the Federal au thorities to make additional war purchases. Since the civil war the firm have shipped large quantities of powder to various European nations." In 1841 Gen. Du Pont was aide-de-camp on the staff of Gov. Cooper; from 1845 till 1861 he was adjutant general of the State; and from 1861 till Aug. 20, 1866, majorgeneral of the State militia. He accepted the latter office only on condition that he should have absolute command of all the armed troops in the State, and his first official act was to muster every organized company into the United States service and deprive every man of his arms who refused to take the oath of allegiance. His patriotic action created intense excitement throughout the State, and induced the Governor to suspend his orders; but the Federal authorities came to his support, and whatever active aid to the Confederacy was in contemplation was checked by his promptness and the arrest of several suspected leaders. He was a lifelong friend of Henry Clay, voted for Bell and Everett in 1860, was a stanch Republican from the day of Lincoln's election, served as presidential elector in 1868, 1876, 1880, 1884, and 1888, and was several times a member of the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy.

Edwards, John N., journalist, born in Virginia in 1840; died in Jefferson City, Mo., May 4, 1889. He learned the printer's trade when a boy, removed to Lexington, Mo., found employment in the composing room of the "Commercial" newspaper in 1857, and later became editor of the Lexington "Examiner." At the outbreak of the civil war he entered the Confederate army, where he rose to the rank of major. After the war he went to Mexico city, remained there several years, and during the time published "The Mexican Times" and a history of Gen. Shelby and his campaigns. Returning, he settled first in St. Louis, where he was an editorial writer on the "Missouri Republican," and then removed to Kansas City and became editorial writer on the "Times." He also published "Shelby's Expedition into Mexico" and Quantrell and his Men."

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Ehninger, John Whitten, artist, born in New York city, July 22, 1827; died in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Jan. 22, 1889. He was graduated at Columbia College in 1847, went abroad immediately and entered the studio of Thomas Couture in Paris, and finished his first oil painting, Peter Stuyvesant," in 1850. He revisited New York in 1850 to superintend the engraving of this painting for the American Art Union, spent 1851-52 in study at Dusseldorf and other European art centers and repositories, was elected a full member of the National Academy of Design in 1860, and made his permanent residence in Saratoga Springs about 1874. He did a great deal of work in book illustration, both drawing and engraving, was an accomplished etcher, and produced portrait busts in plaster. His paintings include “New England Farmyard," "Yankee Peddler." "Love me, love my Horse,” "The Foray," "The Sword," "Lady Jane Grey," "Christ healing the Sick," "Death and the Gambler," and the contributions to the exhibitions of the National Academy-" Autumnal Landscape" (1867); "A Monk" (1871); "Vintage in the Vatella, Italy" (1877); and "Twilight from the Bridge of Pau" (1878). He was one of the promoters of the Cooper Union Art School.

Ellis, E. John, lawyer, born in Covington, La., Oct. 15, 1841; died in Washington, D. C., April 25, 1889. He took a partial course at Centenary College, Jackson, La., and was graduated in law at the University of Louisiana in 1861. Entering the Confederate army

as a private five days afterward, he served till the close of the war and reached the rank of captain. In 1866 he was admitted to the bar in his native State, and from 1867 till 1874 practiced in New Orleans. In the latter year he was elected to Congress from the Second Louisiana District as a Democrat, and served by re-elections till March 4, 1885, when he engaged in law practice in Washington.

Field, Moses W., merchant, born in Watertown, N. Y., Feb. 10, 1828; died in Detroit, Mich., March 14, 1889. He was brought up on a farm, and received a common-school education, removed with his parents to Cato, Mich., while a youth, and to Detroit in 1844, and entered a wholesale grocery firm of which he afterward became the head. He was elected to Congress in 1872 from the First Michigan District (city of Detroit) as a Republican. While in Congress he served as a member of the Committee on Education and Labor, and made speeches on the tariff and currency questions. He was renominated but was defcated and soon afterward joined the Greenback party. He called the National Greenback Convention at Indianapolis that nominated Peter Cooper for President in 1876, and made a personal canvass of Michigan in the interest of the party. Through his efforts and speeches the Greenback vote of his State increased from 500 in 1874 to 75,000 in 1878. In 1884 he was elected a regent of the University of Michigan. In 1888 he returned to the Republican party.

Fitzhugh, William Edward, naval officer, born in Ohio, Oct. 18, 1832; died in Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 3, 1889. He was graduated at the United States Naval Academy and promoted passed midshipman June 15, 1854; was promoted master, Sept. 16, 1855; lieutenant, Dec. 15, 1855: lieutenant-commander, July 16, 1862; commander, July 25, 1866; captain, Nov. 25, 1876 commodore, Aug. 25, 1887; and at the time of his death was in command of the naval station at Philadelphia. He served in the Mediterranean in 1849-'51; on the coast of Africa, in 1858-'60; commanded the steam sloop "Iroquois" of the North Atlantic blockading squadron in 1862-'63: took part in the engagement with Fort Morgan in August, 1864; and while commanding the steamer "Ouachita" of the Mississippi squadron in 1864-'65 received the surrender of the Confederate naval forces on Red river. During his service in the navy he was on sea duty eighteen years and five months, on shore or other duty fourteen years and ten months, and was unemployed six years and ten months.

Flint, Charles Louis, agriculturist, born in Middleton, Mass., May 8, 1824; died in Hillman, Ga., Feb. 26, 1889. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1849; studied law and was admitted to the bar in New York city; and was chosen secretary of the newly organized Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. Feb. 14, 1853. He applied himself with enthusiasm to this work; planned and carried out the series of reports of the board, giving them permanent value; made a tour of the rural districts of Great Britain in 1862; was a commissioner to the International Exhibition at Hamburg and visited agricultural schools in Europe in 1863; made a detailed report on the schools, of which the promoters of the agricultural schools established in the United States by Congress largely availed themselves; and held the office of secretary of the Agricultural Board till 1878. He was a founder of the Institute of Technology in Boston and of the Massachusetts Agricultural College in Amherst; was secretary of the Agricultural College for twenty years. and also served it as lecturer and president. Mr. Flint edited Harris's "Insects injurious to Vegeta tion"; compiled with George B. Emerson a "Manual of Agriculture" ; and published Agriculture of Massachusetts (3 vols., Boston, 1853-254); "Grass and Forage Plants" (New York, 1857); and "Milch Cows and Dairy Farming" (Boston, 1859).

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Flood, James Clair, capitalist, born on Staten Island, N. Y., Oct. 25, 1826; died in Heidelberg, Germany, Feb. 21, 1889. He received a limited education in the public schools of New York city, learned a mechani

cal trade, and was among the first of the pioneers who 'went to California in 1849. On reaching San Francisco he was employed for about a year as a carpenter, then went to the Yerba diggings and engaged in mining, and after accumulating $3,000 returned to New York; removed his parents to Illinois, bought them a farm, and then went to California again. In San Francisco he met William O'Brien, who had accompanied him on his first trip, and in 1856 they formed a partnership and opened a liquor saloon on Washington Street. The saloon became a recognized exchange among the miners, and the partners soon added to their business that of buying claims, finding purchasers for needy and discouraged miners, loaning money, speculating in stocks, and joining fortunate claim owners in developing their property. The success of these ventures led them to establish a regular brokerage office. In 1862 the partners invested heavily in the Kentuck, Crown Point, Hale and Norcross, Belcher, and other mines in the celebrated Comstock lode, and made a large sum of money. Soon after this investment they became acquainted with James G. Fair, then superintendent of the Hale and Norcross and Ophir mines, with John W. Mackey, a successful miner, and the four uniting in partnership formed the famous Bonanza firm. Fair and Mackey, being personally familiar with the entire Comstock lode, proposed that the firm should buy all the mines and claims on it. Accordingly, a large number of small properties were purchased for the reported sum of $75,000, combined into two-the Consolidated Virginia and the California-and stock to the amount of $5,000,000 was placed on the market. In 1871 the firm began to push the development of their mining property with vigor, and in 1875 made the announcement of the wonderful discovery of silver that astonished the world. Their stock rose to fabulous figures and started a craze for speculation. In six years the two mines yielded in gold and silver $172,275,270, and from 1875 till 1879 paid $75,000,000 in dividends. The partners were reported to have cleared $20,000,000 each by the transaction, and when the production fell off the stock shares dropped from $300 to $800 cach to $8. The partners then established the Nevada Bank in San Francisco as a rival, it was believed, to the Bank of California, of which William C. Ralston was presiident, and Mr. Flood became the first president. On Aug. 26, 1875, in consequence of a call for several million dollars made by the Nevada Bank upon the Bank of California, the latter was forced to suspend. This failure led to the suspension of the Gold and Merchants' banks, and the suicide of Mr. Ralston on the following day. In October, 1887, the Nevada Bank was caught in the great California wheat combination disruption to the extent of $10,000,000. Mr. Flood resigned the presidency, and Mr. Fair, who had previously retired from the bank, loaned the money to help it out of its difficulty, and became its president. Mr. Flood lost several millions in this wheat failure. He was liberal with his wealth, and previous to the great wheat "deal" built a residence on the summit of Nob Hill in San Francisco of Connecticut brown stone, a large square structure, looking like a public Institution, on which and the decorations he expended nearly $1,500,000. He also laid out a grand estate in the suburban town of San Mateo.

Foster, Henry A., lawyer, born in Hartford, Conn., May 7, 1800; died in Rome, N. Y., May 12, 1889. He removed to Cazenovia. N. Y., when a boy, received a common-school education, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1822. From 1831 till 1834, and from 1841 till 1844, he was a member of the State Senate; from 1837 till 1839, a Representative in Congress; and in 1844-45 United States Senator. In 1848 he was a delegate to the Democratic Convention that nominated Lewis Cass for President. He was elected judge of the New York Supreme Court in 1863. Judge Foster was senior member and President of the Board of Trustees of Hamilton College, VicePresident of the American Colonization Society, and

sole survivor of the "Albany Regency" that for many years exerted a powerful influence in politics.

Freligh, Martin, physician, born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Jan. 31, 1813; died in Kingston, N. Y., Aug. 31, 1889. He was graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city in 1884; praeticed in Saugerties, N. Y., till 1842, then removed to Rhinebeck, and in 1851 settled in New York city. He became Professor of the Institutes of Medicine in the College of Physicians and Surgeons; surgeon to the New York Police Department; surgeon to the Hudson River Railroad Company; and chief medical officer to the Globe Mutual Life Insurance Company. He published "A Monograph on the Toxicological Properties of Lead and its Various Compounds,” "A Treatise on Epilepsy," "Review of Armstrong's Third Division on Scarlatina Maligna," "The Pathology and Cure of Consumption," and " Freligh's Homoeopathic Practice."

Frieze, Henry S, educator, born in Boston, Mass., Sept 15, 1817; died in Detroit, Mich., Dec. 7, 1889. He was graduated at Brown University in 1841; remained there as tutor till 1854, and then became Professor of Latin in the University of Michigan, with which he was connected till his death. He was acting president for some time after the resignation of President Haven in 1869, and in the two following years was instrumental in having all departments of the university opened to women, in securing the establishment of the diploma system, in obtaining a valuable library of political science, and in having the Legislature give its first aid to the institution, an appropriation of $75,000. He was again acting pre-ident during President James B. Angell's absence as United States Minister to China in 1880-'81. Dr. Frieze collected in Europe the engravings and casts that form the nucleus of the present university muscum of art. At the time of his death he was dean of the literary faculty.

Fritschel, Gottfried Leonhard Wilhelm, clergyman. born at Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany, on Dec. 19. 1836; died at Mendota, Ill., July 13, 1889. He was graduated at the University of Erlangen in 1856, came to this country in 1857, and was Professor of Theology in the theological seminary of the German Lutheran Iowa Synod, at Dubuque. He was one of the ablest theologians of the country, and his missionary zeal and activity were no less striking than his scholarship. His articles in the periodicals of his synod were numerous. Among his publications are "Meditations on the Passion of Christ" (Nuremberg, 1868; 2d edition, 1879); "History of Protestant Missionary Operations among the North American Indians in the 17th and 18th Centuries" (1870); "The Teachings of Missouri Synod on the Doctrine of Predestination" (1883); besides articles in "Kirchliche Zeitschrift," of which he was co-editor with his brother from 1876.

Gammell, William, educator, born in Medfield, Mass, Feb. 10, 1812; died in Providence, R. I., April 3, 1889. He was graduated at Brown University in 1831, was tutor there till 1835, was Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature there from 1835 till 1851, then was transferred to the new department of History and Political Economy, which he held till his resignation in 1864. He was assistant editor of the "Christian Review" in 1850-53, a frequent contributor to the press, and President of the Rhode Island Historical Society from July 11, 1882, till his death. He published a life of Roger Williams (Boston, 1846), contributed a life of Samuel Ward to Sparks's" American Biographies," and prepared a history of American Baptist missions.

Gardiner, Frederic, clergyman, born in Gardiner, Me., Sept. 11, 1822; died in Middletown, Conn., July 17, 1889. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1842, and at the General Theological Seminary in 1845; became rector of Trinity Church, Saco, Me., in 1845: was assistant in Philadelphia to the present Bishop Mark A. De W. Howe in 1847-48; rector of Grace Church, Bath, in 1848-'53; and of Trinity Church, Lewiston. Me., in 1855-56; assisted Bishop Burgess in the Diocesan Theological School; and in 1865 be

quet at the Lotos Club in New York city. He married Miss Campbell in 1836, who played with him, and on her death married Miss Sarah H. Gavett, who survives him. Paintings by John W. Alexander and J. Alden Weir of him are at the Player's Club in New York city as well as a striking life bust of him as Sir Peter Teazle made by J. S. Hartley.

Gowen, Franklin Benjamin, financier, born in Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 9, 1836; died in Washington, D. C., Dec. 14-15, 1889. He was educated in Emmettsburg, Md., and in a Moravian school in Lititz, Pa., engaged in coal mining in 1858, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1862 he was elected district attorney of Schuylkill County, and after serving two years resumed practice and was appointed general counsel in the mining region of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and of the Girard coal trust. In 1869 he was elected President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, and held the office till 1881, and again in 1882. After his last retirement he resumed law practice. In 1872 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention, and in 1876 became widely known by his successful prosecution of the "Mollie Maguire" murderers. Close business relations and warm personal friendship had existed between him and the late William H. Vanderbilt for many years, and during a call he was making on Mr. Vanderbilt in his New York residence on Dec. 8, 1885, the latter fell dead in his arms.

Grady, Henry Woodfen, journalist, born in Athens, Ga., in 1851; died in Atlanta, Ga., Dec. 23, 1889. He was educated in the universities of Georgia and Virginia, and began his career in journalism soon after the civil war by making a tour of Georgia and describing the sources and possibilities of the State in a series of letters to the Atlan

re

ta "Constitution." These letters attracted the attention of the proprietor of the New York Herald," who appointed him Georgia correspondent for that paper. In 1870 he established the "Daily Commercial"

in

Rome, Ga., but the

venture was unsuc

cessful. Two years later he purchased an interest in the Atlanta "Herald," and though it had a stanch competitor in the "Constitution," he greatly enlarged its influence, and by means of Sunday editions and illustrated trade-issues did much to promote the development of the city and the State. On the failure of the "Herald," he established the Atlanta "Courier," but with insufficient capital and the rivalry of the Constitution" he was soon forced to suspension. In 1880 an opportunity was offered him to purchase a quarter interest in the "Constitution" for $20,000. He borrowed the money of Cyrus W. Field, bought the stock, and within two years repaid the loan with interest. While directing the policy of the paper, he contributed numerous articles to magazines on the condition and prospects of the South generally, and at the time of the Charleston. earthquake he wrote vivid descriptions of the calamity. În 1886 he accepted an invitation of the New England Society to make a speech at the annual December dinner, and astonished even his friends by his oratory. Extracts from his speech on "The New South" were published in the newspapers from one end of the country to the other. A few days before his death he delivered an address before the Merchants' Association of Boston on "The Future of the Negro."

He was unwell when he left home, caught a fresh cold in Boston, received medical treatment in New York, and was attacked by pneumonia before he arrived home. A biography of him is in preparation by Joel Chandler Harris.

Graham, Charles Kinnaird, engineer, born in New York city, June 3, 1824; died in Lakewood, N. J., April 15, 1889. He entered the United States navy as a midshipman in 1841, served with the Gulf equadron during the Mexican War, resigned and began studying civil engineering in 1848, was appointed constructing engineer of the Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1857, and superintended the construction of the great dry dock and landing ways there. At the beginning of the civil war he volunteered with several hundred men who had worked under him in the navy yard, and was mustered into the New York Excelsior Brigade. Soon afterward he became colonel of the brigade, and in 1862 he was promoted brigadier-general for services with the Army of the Potomac. He was twice wounded in the Battle of Gettysburg and taken prisoner. After his release he commanded the gunboats on Gen. Butler's expedition up James river. On March 13, 1865, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers. Gen. Graham was chief engineer of the New York Dock Department from 1873 till 1875, surveyor of the port of New York from 1878 till 1888, and naval officer from 1883 till 1885.

Gray, Albert Zabriskie, clergyman, born in New York city, March 2, 1840; died in Chicago, Ill., Feb. 16, 1889. He was graduated at the University of the City of New York in 1860. The winter of 1860-'61 he passed in Geneva, Switzerland, studying theology under Merle d'Aubigny and, entering the General Theological Seminary in New York city in the following autumn, was graduated in 1864. In the same year he was ordained deacon and priest in the Protestant Episcopal Church by Bishop Horatio Potter, and, becoming chaplain of the Fourth Massachusetts Cavalry, served for some months in that capacity until he was taken prisoner and confined in Libby Prison at Richmond. After his liberation at the close of the war he became rector of a parish at Bloomfield, N. J.. remaining there until 1867. He married in 1866 Miss Harriet Guion, of Kinderhook, N. Y. The years from 1867 to 1870 were spent in European travel. Returning home in the latter year, he took charge of the parish of St. Philip in the Highlands, Garrison's, N. Y., and was its rector from 1870 till 1882. In the lastnamed year he was appointed warden of Racine College, at Racine, Wis., and he held that office until his resignation in 1888. He then removed to Chicago, where he died suddenly from pneumonia. Besides publishing occasional sermons, addresses, and verses, he was author of "The Law and the Life; Sketches and Studies in Palestine" (New York, 1876); "Mexico as it is; being Notes of a Recent Tour in that Country, with Information for Travelers in that Direction, as also some Study of the Church Question (1878); "Jesus only, and other Sacred Songs" (1882);" "Racine and her Labor of Love" (1887).

Gray, George Zabriskie, clergyman, brother of the preceding, born in New York city, July 14, 1888; died at Sharon Springs, N. Y., Aug. 4., 1889. After leaving the university he studied at the Theological Seminary in Alexandria from 1859 to 1861, and after the outbreak of the civil war continued his theological studies at the Episcopal theological school in Philadelphia, being graduated there in 1862. He was ordained deacon by Bishop Horatio Potter at the close of his studies, and married Miss Kate Forrest, of New York city, in the same year. He was for a short time minister in charge of parishes at Warwick, N. Y., and Vernon, N. J., but before the end of 1862 became reetor of a parish at Kinderhook, where he remained until 1865, going from there to Bergen Point, N. J. He was rector of a parish in that place for cleven years, resigning his charge in 1876 to assume the duties of dean of the Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge, Mass. In the same year he received the degree of D. D. from the University of the City of

New York. At Cambridge the remaining years of his life were spent, and from him the Theological School received in great measure the impress of the broad and liberal-minded churchmanship that characterizes it. For several years he was looked upon as one of the leaders in the American Episcopal Church which in his death lost one of her most loyal adnerents. In disposition Dean Gray was very genial and generous, and in quiet, unostentatious ways helped on In life many a young man who needed intelligent assistance. He was very generally beloved by those with whom he came in contact in the discharge of his many and varied duties, and the circle of his acquaintance was large and ever increasing. For more than a year before his death he had been a sufferer from Bright's disease, and the winter preceding was spent in Bermuda in search of health. His wife, a married daughter, and two sons survive him. Besides occasional sermons, addresses, and poems, he published "The Children's Crusade; an Episode of the Thirteenth Century" (New York, 1871);. The Scriptural Doctrine of Recognition in the World to come (1875); "Husband and Wife; or the Theory of Marriage and its Consequences "(Boston, 1885).

Green, Thomas C., jurist, born in Culpeper, Va., in 1820; died in Charleston, W. Va., Dec. 4. 1889. He was graduated at the Law School of the University of Virginia, and removed to Charlestown to practice. He was appointed judge of the Supreme Court to fill a vacancy in 1875, was elected to fill the remainder of the term in 1876, and was elected for the long term of fourteen years in 1880. He was the senior judge.

Gross, Samuel Weissel, physician, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 4, 1837; died in Philadelphia, Pa., April 16, 1889. He was a son of Prof. Samuel D. Gross, the eminent surgeon, was educated at Shelby College, Kentucky, studied medicine and surgery at the University of Louisville and at Jefferson Medical College, and settled in Philadelphia to practice. At the beginning of the civil war he was commissioned a surgeon and major of volunteers, and he served on the field and in hospitals till the close of the war. Subsequently he became one of the surgeons to the Philadelphia Hospital, the Howard Hospital, and the Jetterson College Hospital, where he was also Professor of Chemical and of Genito-urinary Surgery. He was President of the Philadelphia Pathological Society, of the Alumni Association of Jefferson Medical College, and of the Association of American Medical Colleges. He aided his father in compiling his "System of Surgery," and was author of technical publications.

Gunning, Thomas Brian, dentist, born in London, England, in 1814; died in New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y., Jan. 8, 1889. He came to New York city and began studying dentistry in 1840, and early in his practice applied himself to the invention of dental and surgical apparatus. In 1861 he introduced into his practice the hard-rubber interdental splints for the treatment of fractured jaws. The use of this invention proved so beneficial in general surgery that in April, 1865, the surgeons in attendance on William H. Seward, United States Secretary of State, sent for him to treat the double fracture in Mr. Seward's jaw caused by a carriage accident and the attempt on his life by the Lincoln conspirators. Through Dr. Gunning's skillful treatment, Mr. Seward was enabled to attend a Cabinet meeting the day following the application of the splints. In 1867 he was appointed a member of a commission to select the medical and surgical instruments to be displayed in the United States section of the Paris exhibition, and in 1876 he made an interesting exhibit of his inventions at the Centennial Exhibition. He was author of “Physiological Action of the Muscles concerned in the Movement of the Lower Jaw" (1867); "The Larynx, the Source of Vocal Sounds" (1874); and " Hard-Rubber Appliances for Congenital Cleft Palate" (1878).

Hall, James, physician, born in Cornish, N. H., April 9, 1802; died in Claremont, Md.. Aug. 31, 1889. He was graduated in medicine at Bowdoin College in 1822, and for his health sailed fro:n Baltimore for Li

beria, West Africa, in 1831. In the following year the Legislature of Maryland appropriated $200,000 for Atrican colonization, and in the autumn sent one hundred and thirty-two emigrants to Liberia. In 1833 Dr. Hall returned to Baltimore, having in the mean time made a thorough exploration of Liberia. On his favorable report the colonization scheme attained larger proportions. He was successful in planting a large colony and ruling it on strict temperance principles, persuaded the king to establish courts of law, accomplished the abolition of the ancient custom of forcing people accused of witchcraft to drink poison, and in many ways exerted a beneficial influence over the king. After his final return to the United States, the African state of Maryland became merged in the Republic of Liberia, but retained its American name as Maryland County.

Hamilton, Alexander, lawyer, born in New York city, about 1814; died in Nevis, Irvington, N. Y., Dec. 30, 1889. He was a grandson of Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the United States Treasury, and son of James Alexander Hamilton, and was educated at the United States Military Academy, but did not enter the army. Soon after his admission to the bar he founded the law firm of Hamilton and Lyon, which ranked high among the noted firms of New York for more than twenty-five years. Excepting a service as secretary of the United States legation at Madrid in 1848-50, he never held a public office, though tendered several under the State and national governments. In 1870 he retired from practice to his grandfather's homestead, and passed the remainder of his life in collecting articles of historical interest. He was President of the Knickerbocker Club from its organization in 1871 till his death, a founder of the Union League Club, and treasurer of the Astor Library.

Hammill, Samuel McClintock, educator, born in Norristown, Pa., July 6, 1812; died in Trenton, N. J., Sept. 20, 1889. He was educated in Norristown Academy, and became principal of the Lawrenceville (N. J.), high school. He was instrumental in securing the establishment of the New Jersey State Normal School and the appointment of a State superintendent of education. In 1862 Rutgers College conferred the degree of D. D. upon him. He was one of the founders of the New Jersey Historical Society, and was its president for many years.

Hammond, John, manufacturer, born in Crown Point, N. Y., Aug. 27, 1827; died there, May 28, 1889. He was graduated at the Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N. Y., and was a California pioneer in 1849. He entered the national army as a private in 1861, was promoted to be a captain in the Fifth New York Cavalry, and during the war was advanced through all the grades to the rank of brigadier-general. After the war he was appointed an inspector of State prisons, serving from 1866 till 1869, and in 1878 and 1880 he was elected to Congress from the Eighteenth New York District as a Republican, serving there from March 19, 1879, till March 3, 1883, and being a member of the committees on Manufactures and on Pacific Railroads. Since 1855 he had been engaged in the manufacture of iron.

Hanks, John, farmer, born in Kentucky, in 1801; died near Decatur, Ill., July 1, 1889. He was a cousin of Nancy Hanks Lincoln, the President's mother, and from 1822 till 1860 was intimately associated with Mr. Lincoln in farming, trading, and other pursuits. The two men split rails together on Mr. Hanks's property eight miles west of Decatur in 1830, and in 1831 built near Springfield, Ill., the first flat-boat that ever made its way down the Sangamon, Illinois, and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. Mr. Hanks exhibited some rails that Mr. Lincoln had split at the Chicago Convention that nominated him for the presidency, and introduced the rail-splitting feature in the ensuing canvass at a barbecue on his farm, where he fed 3,000 people. He contributed $7,000 to the campaign expenses of his early associate.

Hardenbergh, Augustus A., banker, born in New Brunswick, N. J., May 18, 1830; died in Jersey City,