seven consecutive days. These cattle were imported into the United States by Henry M. Clark, of Belmont, Mass., in 1869, and into other Eastern States in 1873, and more numerously since that time, and they are found to improve in America. There is an association devoted to their culture, with a herd-book published in New London, Conn.

Some additional description of the stock esteemed in other countries would assist in making an intelligent discrimination in favor of the varieties described as preferred, but is not required beyond the brief mention of the Longhorn race of England and the Charolaise of France, as having attracted some attention as possessors of good points. Three or four Longhorns were imported by Col. Sanders, of Kentucky, in 1817. They were of good character in general, but, as their eccentric horns refused to follow any "uniformity of standard description," they were not considered economical, and have become extinct in the United States. The Andalusian race of Spain was brought to America at the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, and the cattle of that republic and of the Texan ranches are their descendants. They have lost in purity and rank, and have now no more pretensions than the almond-eyed aboriginal of Hungary and the steppes to be considered as of improved stock in America.

CAVE-DRAWINGS. It was the custom of the ancient races of America, and to some extent of their successors, the modern Indians, to portray their ideas on the surface of rocks by incised lines, continuous or broken, and gougedout surfaces (intaglio work), and by paintings, and also, occasionally, by both methods in combination. These engravings were made to represent all sorts of living things, as well as grotesque configurations and simple forms whose meaning can only be guessed at. Such pictographs are found in almost every State of the Union, and on rocks of various kinds, shapes, and disposition. High on the face of cliffs, on fallen masses by the water's edge, on outcrops barely peeping above the ground, on isolated bowlders, at the foot of bluffs where the perpendicular surface of the rock trends inward and forms a slight shelter, in narrow fissures between the rocks, and on the sides and roofs of true caves, aboriginal man left his mark. More than two centuries have elapsed since ancient pictographs on rocks were first noticed by white men in North America. The earliest instance seems to be that noted by the travelers Marquette and Joliet, who, in 1673, made their celebrated journey of discovery down the Mississippi. Father Marquette's words are: "As we coasted along some rocks, fearful for their height and length, we saw upon one of them two painted monsters, which startled us at the first, and upon which the boldest savages do not dare to let their eyes rest. They are as large as a calf; they have horns on the head like deer, a frightful expression, red eyes, a beard like a tiger; the face is somewhat human, the body covered with scales, and the tail so long that it makes the entire tour of the body; passing the head and returning between the legs, it terminates in a fish's tail. Green, red, and blackish (noirâtre) are the three colors that compose it; finally, these two monsters are so

well drawn that we can not believe that any savage was the maker of them, since good painters in France would have trouble to do so well; and, besides, they are so high on the rock that it would be difficult to get there conveniently to paint them." Father Douay and Henry Joutel, ascending the river on their return from the disastrous La Salle expedition to Texas, mention the place, the latter writing thus: "On the 2d [September, 1687] we arrived in the place where is the figure of the pretended monster of Father Marquette. This monster consists of two sorry figures outlined in red upon the face of a rock about eight or ten feet high, which is far from the extraordinary height that this narrative speaks of. Our savages, however, paid homage to this stone by a sacrifice, in spite of our efforts to make them understand that this rock had no merit, and that we adored something greater, showing them the heavens." The place where these paintings were was on the north side of the river not far above the mouth of the Missouri, where Alton was susequently laid out. Maj. Amos Stoddard, in his "Sketches of Louisiana," says that they were then (1812) in a good state of preservation, and known by the name of the Piesa. They were unfortunately quarried away many years ago, and there is no authentic copy of them.

Peter Kalm, a Swedish naturalist, when on his travels in North America, made minute inquiries as to vestiges of antiquity. While in Canada, in 1749, he talked with the Chevalier Verendrye, who, in 1742-43, had first traversed the country between the Missouri river and the Rocky mountains. The chevalier and his men had seen, far in the interior of the country, on the prairies what now we know to be prehistoric rock-carvings. "In two or three places, but at considerable distances between each point, our travelers found upon the rock impressions of feet, both those of children and grown people— probably simple freaks of Nature. After they had advanced still farther to the west and to regions where, to the best of their knowledge, no Frenchman or other European had ever been before, they found in a certain place in the woods, and then in an extended plain, some great pillars of stone leaning against each other. . . . At last they found a large stone in the form of a pillar, in which was set a smaller stone covered on both sides with unknown characters. . . . The letters engraved upon it are the same as those which (in books containing accounts of Tartary) are called Tartarian characters. It was in vain for the French to question the Indians, . . . impossible to get from them the least explanation: they were quite as ignorant on the subject as the French themselves. All that they could do was to affirm the existence of these pillars in these places from time immemorial."

...

One hundred and forty years ago Capt. Céloron de Bienville, a French commander, buried one of his governmental plates-indicative of possession-on the bank of the Alleghany river, about six miles below the present Franklin, Pa., near a large stone on which can be seen many figures somewhat rudely engraved." In recent times this stone has gone by the name of the "Indian God Rock."

These three foregoing accounts represent the

principal, if not the only, instances of rock inscriptions in the northern parts of this continent described by writers of the time of the French régime, and though, with others known to the English, like the Dighton Rock, they were probably conspicuous from their prominent position or from their location on routes of travel, and therefore early remarked and described, yet in artistic conception and workmanship they doubtless did not differ materially from scores of others that have been discovered since. Naturally the work of this kind that was executed in caves came to the notice of civilized man much later, for such places would be somewhat out of the way and more or less inaccessible without special effort, and, indeed, as possible resorts of wild beasts or venomous reptiles, would not be sought by the traveler unnecessarily. But a notable ex

FIG. 1.-DAYTON'S BLUFF CAVE.

ception to this rule was a cave within the limits of the capital city of Minnesota, which for over a century has had a somewhat undeserved celebrity, which was given to it by Capt. Jonathan Carver in 1766-'67. In his description he mentions the incised figures as follows: "I found in this cave many Indian hieroglyphics, which appeared very ancient, for time had nearly covered them with moss, so that it was with difficulty I could trace them. They were cut in a rude manner upon the inside of the wall, which was composed of a stone so extremely soft that it might be easily penetrated with a knife-a stone everywhere to be found near the Mississippi." The construction of a railroad some years ago, which necessitated the demolition of the front part of this cave, together with the confusion made by the intrusive names of modern visitors and idlers,

ruined the aboriginal pictographs in it, of none of which is a copy known to have been made. Ten years ago there were plainly to be seen snakes, birds, men, animals, fish, and turtles, some of which were intaglios and others outline figures, and they were clearly of the same style and probable age of those discovered in recent years in caves along the valley of the upper Mississippi. Since October, 1888, several caves, rock shelters, and fissures have been visited between a point a few miles below Lansing, Iowa, and St. Paul, Minn., and thoroughly explored for pictographs, of which the best specimens were carefully copied. Seven of the caves are here described, in the order of the descent of the river from north to south, and at least one good representative pictograph from each, reduced in facsimile, is furnished by way of illustration.

Dayton's Bluff Cave, St. Paul, Minn.—At the foot of Dayton's Bluff, which skirts the river in the lower part of the city, 50 feet northeast of Commercial Street, about midway between Plum and Cherry Streets, and a little over 400 feet above Carver's Cave (already cited), is a moderate sized cave, only one third the length of that one, facing to the southwest similarly. It is about 35 feet in length, measuring on the present floor to the edge of the water in the rear that in a few feet meets the descending slope of the roof; in width about 24 feet, and, at present, 10 feet high. In it are pictures of men, birds, and animals, cut into the side-walls and roof, all of which are outline figures. The one illustrated here (Fig. 1), which is on the left hand as one enters, and quite near the floor, represents a man with uplifted hands, and is about one foot in length.

La Moille Cave, Winona County, Minn.— This is the most interesting place of its kind yet discovered. It is on the south side of Trout brook, about a mile southeast from La Moille railroad station. The valley is somewhat of an amphitheatre, being walled in on two sides by bluffs from 300 to 500 feet high, with the land rising in high plateaus to the west and northwest. On the south side of the valley, where the brook runs near the foot of the bluff, there is a rock escarpment of Potsdam sandstone rising about 30 feet, which is perpendicular, and at this point there is an archway 27 feet wide and 9 feet high. Above the archway a large pine tree stands on the verge of the rock. From the entrance to the back part of the cave the distance is 45 feet; the length of the cave proper, which runs parallel with the outer face of the rock is 70 feet. The roof is bell-shaped, sloping from a central point toward the bottom on all sides, and at the highest point it is 15 feet above the ground at the entrance. The floor is not level, the eastern side being the highest. Flowing from the heart of the bluff are two springs, one from the southeast and the other from the southwest, which unite on the west side of the cave, and thence flow into Trout Brook, 30 feet from the entrance. The southeast stream emerges from a low passage-way, which is about 12 feet broad and from 2 to 3 feet high, extends beyond the main cave 30 to 40 feet, and then becomes narrower and much lower. When the Mississippi river overflows its banks the back water enters the cave, and at extreme

ed. The groove extending back from the head may be intended to represent a snake with open mouth, but as there is no similar specimen to be found among the numerous snakes (30 or more) carved upon the roof, it is not unreasonable to surmise that it may be intended to symbolize speech. The two snakes (Figs. 4 and 5) are on the west slope of the roof, and represent two

FIG. 6. SAMUEL'S CAVE.

types, one of which is a rattlesnake. They are grooved out from one-half inch to one inch in depth, and are perfectly smooth. In the bottom of the main groove are smaller ones, which are probably intended to represent the darker colorings on the back of the particular kind of snake

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Some of them have forked tongues protruding from the mouth, which may be intended to represent speaking rather than hissing.

Samuel's Cave, La Crosse County, Wis.This cave, unlike the others here described, is not in the immediate valley of the Mississippi, but is about 9 miles by road from the city of La Crosse, on the northwest quarter of section 20, town 16, range 6. It is near the foot of a hill that rises about 70 feet above the valley, and until within a few years its existence was unknown, the entrance having been covered by the gradual accumulation of débris washed from the slope above. On the side walls and lower slope of the roof are outline figures, as well as paintings having a bluish-black color. The latter are covered with a thin glazing or coating deposited from disintegrated limestone. There are outline carvings representing men, animals, birds, etc. The one here illustrated (Fig. 6) denotes an elk, probably, and covers a space about one foot square.

Reno Cave, Houston County, Minn.-This is on the northwest quarter of section 35, town 102, range 4, near Reno, locally known as Caledonia Junction. It is about 150 feet above the clough, in a ledge 30 feet in height. There are sarvings representing birds, men, etc., both on the face of the ledge and in the cave. The grotesque figure, or rather caricature, here illustrated (Fig. 7) represents a man with large hands, and somewhat after the style of some of the Mexican carvings.

Allamakee County, Iowa, Cave No. 1.Above Kain's Station, on the northeast quarter of section 26, town 100, range 4 W., is a ledge extending along the slough for about 150 yards, which is about 25 feet in height above the water. In this ledge are a cave, several fissures, and some shelters. The figure (Fig. 8) illustrated represents a human head with horns or feathers, and covers a space about 9 by 12 inches. The

cave was used as a dwelling-place at some early period, for there are numerous fragments of partially burned bones, broken pottery, etc., bedded

Allamakee County, Iowa, Cave No. 2.On the northwest quarter of section 18, town 99, range 3 W., is a ledge of rock about 200 feet above the river, in which is a small cave. Among the pictures in it are several representing the human head, also snakes, animals, and canoes, or crescents. In one case the groove forming the outline of one of the heads (human) has been painted a bluish-black color, and apparently the paint is the same as that used in the Samuel's cave near La Crosse. The specimen illustrated (Fig. 9), which is about 6 by 15 inches, may represent some kind of bird.

In

Allamakee County, Iowa, Cave No. 3.-On the northeast quarter of section 3, town 98, range 3 W., three or four miles below Lansing, is a ledge about fifty feet high, standing about 100 feet above the river. this ledge are two narrow caves or fissures, known as the "Indian cave," on the walls of which were formerly a large number of carvings representing men, animals, snakes, birds, human feet, birds' and animals' tracks, human faces, crescents (canoes?) and others of doubtful character. Many of these have been wantonly defaced until they can scarcely be traced. The one here given (Fig. 10), which is about 14 by 19 inches, probably represents some kind of bird.

FIG. 7.-RENO CAVE.

FIG. 8. ALLAMAKEE CAVE, No. 1.

in the earth covering the floor. At the various other points that are mentioned above are to be found representations of hands, feet, men, birds' claws, and other objects.

FIG. 9.-ALLAMAKEE CAVE, No. 2.

In copying these cave-drawings, it has been an object to get only the best specimens, for it is an impossibility to get all of them, and often it is hard to tell where there is a beginning or an end