and a careful lookout, especially in large cities, will be necessary to discover all such manufacturers.

54. Location of Mills, Factories, etc. Very often the office or salesroom is in another building than the mill, factory, or workshop. It will often occur that the office or salesroom is in one Enumerator's District, while the mill, factory, or workshop may be in another Enumerator's District. In some cases the manufactory is in one city and the office in another. One general rule will prevent mistakes: in all such cases the Enumerator whose District contains the Mill, Factory, or Workshop, or the building where the goods are made, should return the Name and Address on his List.

55.—What are Manufactures? We have given a definition of a Manufacturer. It is impossible to enumerate here the different articles made in the Commonwealth in order to guide you in your work, but you would derive less benefit from such a list, however complete, than from the last three lines of Instruction 52. Every manufacturer, whatever the kind of goods made and whatever the value of product annually, is to be entered on your Lists.

56.-Cards, Price Lists, etc. In order to show the articles made by each manufacturer, you should obtain from each person, firm, or corporation a card, bill-head, circular, price list, catalogue, or any printed material showing the names of articles manufactured by said person, firm, or corporation. These cards, price lists, etc., should be numbered by you, bearing the List Number at the left of the List, which is on the same line as the Name, etc., of the person, firm, or corporation. If only one kind of goods is made enter the exact name in every such case. Use the general term for the industry when a variety of articles are made by one person, firm, or corporation.

57.-Quarries and Mines, etc., Agriculture, the Fisheries, Commerce, Libraries and Reading Rooms, Colleges, Academies, and Private Schools. The manner of entry upon the Name and Address Lists of the Names, Occupation or Kind of Business, and Post Office Address of all persons, firms, or corpoations engaged as above is shown more graphically in the Sample Pages following than could be done by text description. The following points should be borne in mind :—

I. As all farmers will enter on Schedule No. 4 (see page 10 of same), whether they have Mines, Quarries, etc., you should enter in the Lists only those parties owning or working mines, quarries, etc., not on farms. The kinds of Mines, Quarries, etc., are as follows: Clay pits, fish ponds (private property), fish ways (private property), gravel pits, marl and muck beds, asbestos mines, coal mines, iron mines, mines (other metals), peat bogs, granite quarries, limestone quarries, marble quarries, sandstone quarries, slate quarries, soapstone quarries, sand pits, and salt works.

II. The name and address of every person to whom you deliver Schedule No. 4 must be entered on the Lists.

III. All persons, firms, etc. (employers), engaged in the Fisheries, or in coastwise or ocean Commerce, must be entered on the Lists.

IV. The names, etc., of all Librarians (whether public, public or private school, Sunday school, college, church, scientific, artistic, law, medical, hospital, association, or proprietors of private circulating libraries) must be entered on the Lists; also, the names, etc., of all superintendents of Reading Rooms.

V. The names and addresses of proprietors or principals of all incorporated and unincorporated colleges, academies, and private schools must be entered on the Lists.

In the Census of 1890 no Enumerator should be appointed unless he successfully passes a "practical" civil service examination that is schedule information should be sent him for say ten schedules, five for men and five for women. Being supplied with the instructions he should then fill out the schedules, and send them to the appointing power for examination. If correct, that enumerator is sure to do good work. If he makes trivial errors his attention can be called to them and he may become as good as the best of enumerators. Those who show by their filled schedules that they are ignorant, are illegible writers, or who have failed to properly study and apply their instructions, should not be appointed, at least not until they have filled a set of schedules properly. The objections will be urged to this plan that it takes more time, and also that a party who had passed a civil service examination might fail of appointment when this special test was applied. To this it may be answered that all errors and omissions in statistical work take place in the gathering of facts, or the enumeration. If

agents and enumerators always did their work correctly no time would be wasted on examinations, tabulation could be conducted with mechanical precision and the day's work of a statistical figure factory be as accurately gauged as though it was a boot and shoe factory or a cotton mill. Tabulations being perfect, presentations would also be perfect and notes of explanation would be unnecessary. The clerical work is always well performed when intelligently laid out and supervised. The great reform and advance in statistical and census work is needed and must take place in the enumeration of facts and the collection of information. Better to drop slipshod work entirely and enumerate again than have one enumerator's poor work vitiate the good work of a hundred others. The poor enumerator or agent like the bad man in society renders it necessary to keep a constant watch on good and bad alike, with increased cost for preparation of rules and their enforcement. Rather use the time and money to keep the poor agent or enumerator out than to use it to correct his ignorant errors and careless omissions.

The agent on special work or the enumerator on census work is entitled to full and graphic instructions. They should be so arranged that he will first grasp their general provisions, then the detail ones will come easy to him. He should be a gentleman, and treat all he meets, hard as it may sometimes be, as ladies and gentlemen, He should be patient and helpful, and should always remember that to obtain information by pleasant means will make his future path easier and help the office that employs him. One man whose antagonism is aroused by an injudicious enumerator may so influence his own community that enumeration may be seriously retarded, and it may be rendered practically useless by incorrect answers given under the influence exerted by the offended party.

The schedules supplied to agents and enumerators should be of medium size so as to be easily reached for writing. Large schedules render writing difficult, are unhandy to carry, make an enumerator look like a book-agent and thus interfere with the speedy prosecution of his work, for he has to remove the wrong impression and then explain his real business. Again, in tabulating, large schedules are unhandy, take more desk room, and are conducive to disease as they oblige the clerks to assume strained and

unnatural positions, besides affecting the eyesight prejudicially. One great advantage of the mechanical systems of tabulation hereinafter explained is that they dispense with the straining to see remote lines, avoid the bending of the back with its attendant evils, and its usual sequel—shortsightedness. The machine tabulator sits upright at her work, within easy seeing distance of her working material, and the work so combines physical with the necessary mental exercise as to remove many of the objections to constant sedentary employment.

For the same reasons that a small schedule is of advantage to the agent or enumerator, his outfit (paper, pencils, instructions, blank schedules, etc.) should be put up in a compact manner, and made as little noteworthy to the passer-by as possible.

CHAPTER IV.

THE EXAMINATION OF RETURNS.

As has been stated previously if a perfect schedule could be framed, and agents or enumerators obtain perfect returns, it would be unnecessary to write this Chapter. But the fact remains that it is almost impossible to frame an inquiry that somebody will not misunderstand. The double or even triple meaning in some inquiries is discovered as soon as the agents or enumerators begin their work, and then it becomes necessary to prepare and issue supplemental instructions. When the party who fills a schedule gives an answer that may be understood in two or even three ways, then correspondence is resorted to to find out what he actually did mean. When it is found that imperfect inquiries have been printed in a schedule, more than usual care is needed in examination, for certain parties will answer according to one interpretation of the inquiry, while other parties will answer on a different understanding. Again, a party filling a schedule may supply a meaning, that is, suppose one that the inquiry does not have, and he answers according to his supposition. This class of errors requires correspondence for justification. Every inquiry is liable to some sort of a misunderstanding, or the answer may be omitted. In some cases the inquiry is not applicable and an answer is properly omitted. Thus, there is but one safe plan to follow, which is to examine the answers to all the inquiries on each schedule. Beside the incomplete or erroneous schedules are those which appear, at first glance, to be properly filled, but which, on examination, are found to contain incompatible answers —that is, the relation of the answers is such as to show that some of them are wrong. While the work of examination is being carried on, the first sorting and arranging of schedules can be done; by cities and towns, if the work is of that nature, by industries in