Bessel (M.), his observations on Donati's comet, cxl. 407 Bessemer (Mr. Henry), his process of making steel partially anticipated, cxxi. 588, 589
his economy in steel manufacture, cxxix. 373; annual produce of Bessemer steel, 374 Bethlehem, Church of, architecture of, cxii. 441; character and date of the mosaics, 443 Beugnot (Count, 1761-1833), memories of, by Albert Beugnot, cxxv. 303; historical interest of his associations, ib.; his acquaintance with Madame de La Motte, 305; on the affair of the diamond necklace, 310; on French society before the Revolution, 311; his imprisonment, 312; sketches of his fellow-prisoners, ib. 316; gap in his memoirs, ib.; serves under the First Consul, ib.; his instructions from Cambacérès, ib.; at Dusseldorf, 317; interview with Buonaparte, 318; reports on Marshal Macdonald's troops, 321; his abortive mission to Lisle, ib. 322; Minister of the Interior under Louis XVIII., 323; his article in the Moniteur,' 324; anecdote of the Abbé de Pradt, 325; interview with Louis XVIII., 327; retirement, ib.; made Director-General
of the Police, ib.; prepares the Charter of 1814, 328; adventures during the Hundred Days, ib.; his high estimate of Charles X., ib.; abrupt end of his Memoirs, 331 Beulé (M.), his excavations ancient Carthage, cxiv. 84
his 'Auguste, sa Famille, et ses Amis,' cxxix. 70 Bhootan (India), treaty extorted from the British envoy, cxxv. 4; war declared against, ib.; surprise and recapture of Dewangiri, 5; treaty of peace in 1865, ib.; expedition against the Tongso Penlo,
ib.; the treaty criticised as too lenient, 6; annexation of the Dooars, ib.
Bible, the, various theories of inspiration, cxiii. 483; human agencies in its composition, 484; principles of interpretation, 485
"Various readings' in, cxvii. 505; instances of verbal contradictions, 506; literary character of, 508; its inspiring influence, 509; is the basis of Monotheism, ib.; best described as sacred and canonical, 511; regenerating spirit of, 515; its relation to the Church, 516. See Inspiration
revived study of, in recent times, cxxi. 42; Dictionaries of, by Smith and Kitto, ib.; definition of the word, 43, 44; its proper harmony misunderstood, 44; mischievous system of theological quotation from, ib.; limits of philological criticism, 45; strong distinction between the Old and New Testaments, ib.; analytical criticism, 46, 47; inferiority of foreign Dictionaries of, 48; influence of German criticism, 49; superiority of Dr. Smith's Dictionary of, 50, 51; the Book of Judges (see Testament, Old); dangers of undiscriminating reverence for, 59; the Jewish Canon, ib.; illustrated by Egyptian monuments, 65; relative value of profane testimony, C6; longevity recorded in, 68, 69; critical tests of inspiration, 68, 70. See Smith, Dr. William
English translation of, exxii. 103; mistakes in the Authorised Version, 104; finality of revision considered, 105; need of some revision, ib.; qualifications of modern scholars, 106-108; recent editions of MSS., ib. (see Testament, New); points for settlement by revisers, 112; change of obso
lete words, ib.; neglect in correct- ing known errors, 114; real motive of objectors to revision, 115; 'paragraph' Bibles, 116; mis- translations in Acts, 114, 118 (see also Names of Apostles); the word hell,' ib., 118; the expres- sion 'foolishness of preaching' (1 Cor. i. 21), ib.; Heb. vii. 18, 19, and 2 Cor. v. 14, translated wrongly, 119; Hebraisms retained, 120; revisions from 1535 to 1611, 120; objections to revision, 121; a Royal Commission proposed,
Bible, the, early English translations
of, suppressed, cxxxiv. 163; Tyn- dal's version, 164; first Authorised Version of, 165; errors of early printers, ib., 167
earliest extant MSS. of, cxxxvii. 63; causes of transcrip- tural error in, 81
the Speaker's, edited by Canon Cook, Vols. I.-IV., cxl. 32; its origin, character, and design, ib., 33; precedents for composite authorship of the commentaries, ib.; the Genevan Bible, 34; the Bishops' Bible of 1568, ib.; King James' Bible, 35; progress of annotation, ib.; the Assembly's Annotations,' 36; difficulties of selecting a competent staff, ib.; question of Hebrew scholarship, 37; efficiency of the Speaker's staff, 39; the text based on the Authorised Version, ib.; different treatment of the Old and New Testaments, ib.; the Masoretic text, 41; revision of various read- ings, 42; classes of emendations required, ib., 44; puncta extra- ordinaria, ib.; Correction of the Scribes,' 45; ancient divisions of the Hebrew text, ib. 48; use of the definite article, ib. 50; inac- curacies in Mr. Clark's note, 51; Canon Espin's notes criticised, 53-
Canon Rawlinson's commen- tary on the Jewish monarchy, ib.; his Hebrew criticisms, 57; wrong correction in 2 Kings iv. 16, ib, 58; Moabite Stone inscription, 59 ; contrariety of views caused by joint production, 60; discordant treatment of chronology, 62; date of the Exodus, 63; want of agree- ment as to class of readers for whom the Commentary is de- signed, 64; inaccuracies in foot- notes, 65; value of argumentative portion, 67; Mosaic origin of the Pentateuch, ib.; Editor's intro- duction to Book of Exodus, 68; alleged discrepancies between Scripture and Science, 69, 70; great value of the notes or essays, ib.; the Poetical Books, 71; ex- cellent typography, ib.; later cor- rections, ib.; general value of the work, ib.
Bible, the, revised translation of, set- tled by the King's authority with- out Convocation, cxl. 439; revi- sion thereof, now in progress, 455 Dictionary of, its theologi- cal merits, cxix. 151 Bible, Chaucer's use of the word, cxxxii. 38.
Bickersteth (Dr., Bishop of Ripon), his evidence against tithe impro- priation, exvii. 367
Biela (M.), his Comet of 1826, cxl. 412; its disruption, 413; identi- fied with the meteoric showers in 1872, ib.; when first seen, 416 Bigamy, early toleration of, in Europe, cxv. 205
Bignon, family of, their services to the National Library at Paris, cxxxix. 20 Billingsgate, its mythical origin from Belinus, cxix. 347
probable etymology of,cxxxi.
157 Binney (Rev. Thomas), his views on Church fusion in Australia, ciii. 2
Biographies, diffuseness of modern,
want of, lamented in the case of great men, cxxxi. 193
prevalent defects of, cxxxviii. 367; German biographers, ib. Biography, popular appetite for, cxiii. 386; fascination of the study, 501
conditions of, cxv. 512; num- ber of bad biographies explained, 513
value of minute personal details in, cxxiv. 342
twofold division of, cxxv. 304 contemporary, fascination of, cxxvii. 469
interest of personal recollec- tions in, cxxxviii. 218; topo- graphical illustrations of, 507
usual apologies made by editors of, cxxxix. 44; claims of distinguished parentage in, 45 Biology, want of definite laws in, CXXX. 155
Biondo (Flavio). See Blondus Bioplasm, the term explained, cxxxvi. 222; its relations with disease, 230
Biren (Ernest John, duke of Cour- land, 1689-1772), favourite of Anna of Russia, cxx. 525 'Birkenhead,' the, wreck of, cxxxv. 163
Biron (Louis Antoine de Gontant,
Duke de, 1700-1788), his conduct at Fontenoy, cxx. 529 Bishops, their constitutional position in the House of Lords, cxxviii. 271, 272; their responsibility to the law, ib.
origin of their writs to Par- liament, cxl. 431. Bismarck (Prince Otto von, b. 1815), his rapacious policy against Den- mark, cxxiv. 281; promotes the war with Austria to secure the German ascendancy of Prussia, ib. ; artifice of his negotiations before
the war of 1866, 282; his unscru- pulous policy of ambition, 283; his insidious mask of German unity, 284; his influence over the King, 287; his conduct in the Sleswig-Holstein question, 288; his scandalous compact at Gastein, 289; his overtures to Austria against Italy, ib.; his sudden at- tack on Austria, 291; unpopular with the Prussian soldiery in the Austrian War, 589, 590; his heavy stake in that war, ib. Bismarck (Prince Otto von), his un- scrupulous policy of Prussian con- quest, cxxviii. 238; his saying on the line of the Main,' 243; a thorough Imperialist, 245; want- ing in sense of responsibility, 246; his negotiations at Nickolsburg, 247; his aggrandising policy to the German States after the war of 1866, 248; his mischievous con- ception of German unity, 250
biographies of, cxxx. 417; his early life, 419; delegate of his provincial Diet in 1847, 420; sup- ports Jewish disabilities, ib.; con- duct in 1848, ib.; his courageous defiance of the revolution, 421; contempt of popular rights, ib.; plenipotentiary at Frankfort, ib.; at Vienna, 422; his Austrian sym- pathies reversed, ib.; neutral policy during the Crimean War, 423; minister at St. Petersburg, ib.; efforts in 1859 to obtain a revision of the Federal League, 424; his residence in Russia, 425; letter of 1861 on German consolidation, 426; on army reorganisation, 427; am- bassador at Paris, 428; made Pre- mier and Foreign Minister, ib.; difficulties of his position, 429; propounds his theory of blood and iron,' ib.; views on the budget, 430; his Austrian policy declared to Count Karolyi, 431; Convention with Russia after the insurrection
at Warsaw, 432; formal retreat therefrom, 433; subsequent re- serve on Polish affairs, ib.; debates on the Polish Convention, 434; meeting at Gastein, 436: dissolves the Prussian Diet, 437; his share in the Danish War, ib.; visit to Biarritz, 441; interview with M. Rouher at Carlsbad, b.; menacing language to Austria, 443; his policy superseded by the Conven- tion of Gastein, 444; overtures to Napoleon, 445; peremptory dis- patch to Baron Werther in 1866, 146; the Prussian Chambers closed, 447; his efforts to alienate the King from Austria, 448; secret treaty with Italy, 449, 450; his pretexts for the war with Austria, ib.-452; success of his stake, ib.; his conduct in the Luxembourg question, 453; negotiations in 1866 with Benedetti, ib.; his foreign and internal policy con- trasted, 456; hatred of real liberty, ib. ; administrative incapacity, ib. ; his introduction of universal suf- frage, ib.; compared with Napoleon, ib.; his Socialist tendencies, 457; his obsolete system of statesman- ship, ib.; a first-rate diplomatist, ib.; his personal qualities, ib.,
Bismarck (Prince Otto von), his in- terview in 1870 with Jules Favre, cxxxii. 583
his long-cherished policy of Prussian supremacy, cxxxiii. 8; his political foresight in 1866, 9; question of his similar knowledge of France in 1870, ib.; his repudia- tion of the Luxembourg treaty, 278; his effrontery and bad faith, ib. 281
his evasive conduct to Den- mark respecting the Treaty of Prague, cxxxiv. 239-243; his re- mark on Paris during the siege, 513
Bismarck (Prince Otto von), his ap- pearance described by Samarow, cxxxvii. 425
his friendly relations with Rome before Sedan, cxxxix. 368; his complaint against the French bishops during the war, 369; his letter to Count Frankenburg, ib.; origin of his campaign against the Church of Rome, 370; his impru- dent policy as represented by the Falk laws, 372; case of Dr. Woll- mann, ib.; his Bill against the abuse of the pulpit, 373; inspec- tion of public schools, 374; his expulsion of the Jesuits, ib.; his system of State persecution, 381; his arrogant and dictatorial lan- guage, 382
Bison, the Bison urus, cxi. 180; ac-
climatisation of, in England, ib. Bissel, battle of (1815), defeat of the Wahabees at, cxxii. 510 Black (Dr. Joseph, 1728-1799), his daughter married to Adam Fergu- son, cxxv. 70; his successful treat- ment of Ferguson's paralysis, 76; his life by Ferguson, 84; his dis- coveries of carbonic acid and latent heat, ib.
Black Country, the, cxvii. 406; gen- eral aspect of, 408; clanship among mining families, 429; habits of the miners, 432; their intemperance, 433; the pitgirls, 435; spiritual condition of the people, 439. See
Coalmines, English Black Death, the (1348), cxxvi. 46; views of Messrs. Rogers and See- bohm on the mortality, 50; its en- demic character, 60; traditions in Norway and Sweden respecting, C1 note; its effect on wages and prices, ib. 62; on the tenancy of land, 63 Blackfriars (London), early history of, cxxxi. 166
Black Sea, neutralisation of, by the Treaty of Paris, cxxxiii. 275, 276. See Russian War
Black Sea, problem of the escape of under-currents from, cxxxix. 465 Blackstone (Sir William, 1723–1780), his Oxford lectures on law, cxxxiv. 498
Blaeu (John), his map of Scotland
Blair (Dr. Hugh, 1718-1800), Dr. Carlyle's sketch of, cxiii. 172 Blakely (Captain), his evidence against English naval ordnance, cxix. 517 Blanc (Louis, b. 1813), his 'IIistory of the French Revolution,' cxviii. 101; vicissitudes of his authorship, 102; his patient conduct in exile, ib.; his researches at the British Museum, 103; unity of purpose in his work, 104; his spirit of ad- vocacy, 106; honesty of his par- tisanship, 109; instances of his credulity, ib.; his prejudices against Pitt, 110: on the Septem- ber Massacres, 112; mitigates their atrocity, 117; discredits the mur- der of Marie Gredeler, 119; his account of Louis XVI. on the scaffold, 121; affirms the murder of Robespierre, 124; his theory of the Dauphin's escape, 129; as- cribes the increased value of as- signats to the 'Maximum,' 133; his opinion of the Revolution, 135 Blant (M. Edmond le), his 'Chris-
tian Inscriptions of Gaul,' cxx. 225; his geographical method of arrangement, 230, 231; rare use of Greek in Gaulish epitaphs, 232; his translation of the Greek epi- taph found at Autun, 238, 239; on the proportion of Christian soldiers at Rome, 239; on Runic epitaphs, 247
Blenheim, battle of (1704), Swedish
criticism on, cxxxii. 523 note Blomfield (Charles James, Bishop of London, 1786-1857), his letter to Archbishop Howley on Colonial Bishoprics, cxviii. 555, 556
Blomfield (Bishop), his Bill for submitting doctrinal questions to a Clerical Court, cxxi. 158 note Blondus (Flavius, d. 1463), his lite- rary works, cxxxvi. 137 Blood, the, recent researches on its composition, cxxxvi. 216; its vital properties, ib. 217; the serous liquid, b.; admixture of albumen, 218; the fibrinous principle, ib.; microscopic inspection of, 219; blood-corpuscles, ib. ; stamp-marks of vital condition, 221; retardation of its movement, 225; colourless and coloured corpuscles, ib.; enormous number of the latter, 227; mixture of gas, ib.; and oil, 228; its connexion with disease, ib.; stagnation and derangement of, 230; pus-corpuscles, 232; symptoms of depraved condition, 234; vitality of disease-germs, 235; consumption due to degrada- tion of the blood, 238. See Disease Blood-stains on food, cxxv. 407 Bloomsbury (London), origin and early history of, cxxxi. 182 Blount (Charles), suppressed pam- phlets of, cxxxiv. 188, 189 Blücher (Field Marshal, 1742-1819), dismissed by Frederick the Great, cxxiv. 563; restored by his nephew, ib.; his activity on detached ser- vice, 566
Blundeville, the first systematic
English writer on horsemanship, cxx. 134; his account of the light Irish horse, 135 Bluntschli (Jean Gaspard, b. 1808), on the trade of neutrals in contraband, cxxxv. 562-574 Boccaccio (Giovanni, 1313-1375), his praise of the sculptor Giotti, cxxii. 87, 88
Bodmer (Jean Jacques, 1698-1783), his classical studies, cxxv. 225; his 'Bremische Beiträge,' 226; editorship of early German works, ib.
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