ment of the Ommeiades, 356; the | Arab horses, native neglect of, for Persian invasion, ib. ; Arab rule in useful purposes, cxxxviii.430; their Africa, 357 crossing with indigenous breeds, Arabia, physical features of, cxxii. 444; Nejed horses, 447; royal stud 489; peculiarity of uplands, 491 ; at Riad, ib.; native horsemanship, snakes in, 493; the Bedouins, ib.; 448 494; the settled population, ib.; Arago (Dominique François, b. 496; Arabs of the interior, 497 ; 1786), his estimate of the numtheir supposed fitness for civilisa ber of comets, cxl. 399 tion, 498; the Wahabees, ib. ; re Aral, Sea of, question of its existligious condition of the Arabs, ence in the 13th century, cxxxv. 499; star-worship of the Solibah 5,11 tribe, 500, 501; contradictory ac Ararat, Mount, ascents of, cxxx. counts, ib.; the 'Biadeeyah' sect, 339 502; ancient Sabæan worship, 503; Arbroath (Angus), Benedictine 'Abtheory of Monotheism in, 504; re bey of, cxx. 320, 321; descripligious revival in the last century, tion of the battle of, in 1445-6, • 505; cholera in 1854 at Nejed, 324 Arc (Jeanne de, 1410-1431), her - sudden importance of, after patriotism not understood by her the death of Mahomet, cxxiv. 1; 1 countrymen, cxix. 531 preparation for his mission, 2; - M. Guizot's treatment of the perfection of the language, ib.; episode, cxl. 217 animosity of tribes, 3; the Yeme Archæology, prehistoric, recent nites and Maadites, 4; Himyarite study of, cxxxii. 440; prominent language, ib.; ancient commerce, questions suggested, ib. ; classifica5; caravans, ib. 7.; temple of the tions of periods, 441; "ages' of Caaba, 8; obscure heretical sects bronze, etc., not strict chronologiin, 13; unpopularity of Christian cal divisions, 442; the Palæolithic doctrines, ib.; idolatrous worship age, 443 (see Geology); views of in, 25; duties of hospitality, 26; French archæologists on the antidestruction of the Jews, 38-41; quity of man, ib.; drift-deposits feebleness of Islamism in, 47 and bone-caves, 447-454; M. - piracies in the Persian Gulf Lartet's Quaternary system critiin 1809, cxxv. 8; Egyptian inva cised, 415; cave-bears, 456; Quasion of Nejed, 9; British policy ternary cave-dwellers, 459 (see respecting, 11. See Wahabees Man); the Neolithic age, 463; probably once the home of polished stone-axes, ib.; remains the Ethiopians, cxxxv. 97 ; ancient of tumuli, 465; the Bronze Age, stone-implements in, 102 467-477 ; the Iron Age, ib.; eviancient libraries in, cxxxix. dences of, regarding mankind, 16 479; questions left for ethnology, Arab horses, compared with Eng lish racers, cxx. 124–120 ; superi Architecture (Greek), Mr. Fergusority of Barbs over, 130 note ; son's doctrine of definite proporearliest introduction of, into Eng- 1 tions, cxvi. 485 land, 133–138; popularity of, in Architecture, eclectic system of, in England during the last century, England, cxv. 542; causes of 141 modern inferiority, 513 Architecture, commencement of the Renaissance era, cxviii. 72; Gothic - effects of exigencies of cxl. 188 cxxxii. 172 polar sea, cxii. 309; possible ac- – weapons used by natives of, sea temperature of the Atlantic, cxxxv. 461 Jerusalem in 680, cxii. 448 plagiarism from Procopius, cxxiv. 357 1832), his interview with Napo- leon in 1806, cxxviii. 482 Letters of, published by M. Rath- XV., 488; his dismissal, 503 of, d. 1601), his sentence and exe- cution, cxxxix. 184 note Christianity, cxi. 443 of astronomy, cxvi. 94 1832, cxxv. 580 on the effects of bad on good Aristophanes, Frere's translations from, cxxxv. 495; Cumberland's - the Ravenna MS. of, cxxxvii. supposed to have written on the - his system of astronomy, -- unsuitable to English trans- — question of his un-Greek Darwinian theory' compared, ib., Eudemus,' 555; one-sided esti- Aristotle, Strabo's account of his | MSS., criticised, cxxxvii. 59 note - his sound criticism on Homer's account of the pursuit of I Hector, cxxxix, 537, and note Arkwright (Sir Richard, 1732–1792), patent for his Spinning Jenny, cxxi. 598 - (Mrs.), her touching lyric songs, cxl. 380; lines on the seasons, 381 Arles, Council of (314), cxi. 440 Armada, the. See Spanish Armada Armies, moral qualities more valua ble than numbers, cxxvi. 277; motive force and mechanical power cf, 285 Armstrong (Sir William, b. 1810), his system of rifled ordnance, cxix. 482; negative results of experiments with his heavy guns, 483; his first contract limited to fieldartillery, 486; his coil principle imitated, 487 note; success of his field-pieces in China, 487; fundamental error of breech-loading for field-guns, ib.; the shunt principle substituted, ib. ; want of simplicity due to form of projectile, ib.; his system of double fuzes, 488; his theory of windage opposed to that of the French, 490; his guns liable to fouling from absence of windage, 491 ; leaden coating of projectile dangerous to gunners, 492; special characteristics of his field-artillery, 493; his vent-piece too complicated for warfare, ib.; his evidence before the Select Committee, 495 ; over-estimates the value of his invention, 496 ; his system of field-guns based on the enlargement of an ordinary rifle, 498; number of his guns rejected after trial, 504; advocates heavy bursting charges, 509; his evidence on his 100-pounder guns, 514; his coil system criticised, 516; bis appointment to the Ordnance Committee injudicious, 520 Armstrong (Sir William), his evi dence against the Patent Laws, cxxi. 605 Army (British), its weakness during the American War of Independence, cxvi. 141 - improved condition of, in India, cxxxi. 321 expectations of reform, cxxxiii. 207; want of cohesion and unity, 208; defective state of, due to absence of organisation, 209; constitution of, since 1688, ib.; “ Army Extraordinaries,' ib.; early contracts for recruits, 210; enlistment regulations, ib.; agitations for reform after 1835, 211; old system of departments, 212; changes during the Crimean War, ib.; the new system, 213 ; classification of responsibility, 214; Board of 1866 on transport duties, ib.; the Control Department created, 215; evils of dual government, ib.; want of training in the Militia, ib. (see Militia); recent efforts to form an Army of Reserve, 217; failure ascribed to optional terms of enlistment, 218; the present system mere patchwork, ib. ; remedies proposed, ib.; compulsory hallot for Militia, ib.; question of exemptions, 219; scheme of annual contingents, 220; present percentage of recruits to the population, ib., note; details of proposed Army-Reserve system, ib., 224; the purchase system doomed, ib.; principle of selection urged in its place, 225; together with limitation of regimental command, 226; value of a cadet system, 227 ; summary of proposals, ib.; need of reserves to replace casualties in war, 229; additions to cavalry and artillery, ib.; Mr. Cardwell's short-service system, 230; district organisation,ib.; field commissariat, his devout spirit of patriotism, ib.; 587 cxl. 464 (see Grenadier Guards); Commentaries,' cxxiv. 403 - his sound principles of State Arnold (Matthew), his bureaucratic on the cost of education in France, Lives and Works of, cxxxii. 414; - - on the grand style,' in 140 the Grand Style, ib.; his loose re- ' subjects by great painters, cxxiv. marks on the Ballad Style, 502; L 349 denounces the ballad metre for Artesian wells, proposed scheme of, Homeric translation, ib.; his slo for London, cxxiii. 413, 414 venly treatment of his subjects, Arthur (King), early English ro503 mances of, cxxv. 246; “Sir GaArnold (Matthew), his ‘St. Paul and wayne and the Grene Knight,' Protestantism,' cxxxiii. 399; po 247; Breton legends of, 248; lemics provoked by his book, ib.; his growth of his romances, 250 argumentin opposition to M. Renan, - Mr. Cox's theory of the tra400; bis division of Calvinists and dition of, cxxxi. 504 note; popuLutherans, 401; on Nonconformist larity of, as a national hero, 505 ; tendencies to political dissent, ib. ; growth of the tale, ib. on their abandonment of original Articles (the Thirty-Nine), invaluPuritanism, 402; Mr. Dale's reply, able as a bond of union, cxiii. 9; 403; on historic Churches,' 406 ; qualified subscription to, recomon the doctrinal causes of Dissent, mended, ib.; their silence respect422 ; on the 'Epistle to the Ro ing biblical inspiration, 491 mans,' 423; contrasts Puritanism - origin of, cxv. 582 ; subscripwith St. Paul's doctrines, 424; tion not obligatory at first, 585; his views on Pauline teaching mischief of plenary assent, 603; criticised, ib. deferential declaration of allegiArnold (Mr.), his Report on the ance suggested, 606 British and Foreign Training - their cautious language on School, cxi, 354 inspiration, cxxi. 160 Arnold (Mr., Police Magistrate), his - ratification of, cxl. 438 articles in • Fraser' on the alleged Artillery, advantages of riflemen Shakspeare forgeries, cxi. 456 over tield-batteries, cxix. 481 ; Arnolfo del Cambrio, his position two systems of rifling, 482 (see among Tuscan sculptors, cxxi. Rifled Ordnance); vent-pieces 526; his works, 527 (see Armstrong, Sir William); Arras, Treaty of (1435), cxix. 537 objections to breech-loading fieldArt, its practical connexion with guns in warfare, 495; publicity of Science, cxvii. 502 experiments in, confined to Eng- effect of theological opinions land, 496 ; nominal weight of on, cxxi. 444 projectile no index to size of the - intolerance in judgments on, gun, 508; two classes of field-guns cxxii. 77 in England, 509; inferior bursting - galleries of, cxxiii. 57. See charges of British shells, 510; Exhibitions of Art and Science purposes of heavy ordnance, ib.; - controversy as to expression effect of iron-plating on marine in, cxl. 171; imaginative power of artillery, 511; American mania Association, ib. for huge guns, 512; their doubtArt, Christian, the term explained, ful value, 529 cxx. 98, 99; its growth coincident - use of, in warfare (see War, with the progress of Christianity, Art of); in naval tactics, cxl. 16, 19 108; idea of the purifying effects Artists, their need of corporate acof physical pain represented in, ib. tion, cxviii. 485; social character- Sacred, travesties of sacred | istics of, ib.; attempt in 1755 to |