pine, 360; five periods in the in-
troduction of conifers, ib.; the
Cembra, 361; the P. Cephalonica
and P. Pinsapo, 362; charges of
neglect against Sir Frederick
Adam, 363; the Dammara or Cou-
rie pine of New Zealand, ib.; the
Norfolk Island pine, ib., peculiari-
ties of Australian Araucarias, 364;
the Araucaria imbricata, ib. ; Him-
alayan species, 365; beauties of
Californian pines, 366; hook-coned
pines, ib. note; the Picea grandis,
367; the great Sugar pine of
Douglas, ib.; the red wood (Tuxo-
dium sempervirens) and mammoth-
tree (Wellingtonia gigantea), 368,
370; confusion of Mexican varie-
ties, 370; introductions from
Japan, 371; five varieties brought
from China, 372
Conolly (Dr.), Memoir of, by Sir
James Clark, cxxxi. 418; supports
the non-restraint treatment of the
insane, 425; his feminine gentle-
ness of character, 426; his success
at Hanwell, 428, 430; later fore-
bodings, 432

Consalvi (Ercole, Cardinal, 1757–
1824), his negotiation of the
French Concordat, cxxviii. 456,
462; causes of his retirement, 479
Consciousness, definition of the term
by Mill and Sir W. Hamilton,
cxxiv. 121; its connexion with
thought, 122; and feeling, 123;
idealistic theory of, 124; mental
perception of, ib. 131; union of
objectivity and subjectivity in,
145; doctrine of Professor Ferrier,

150

Professor Ferrier on the phi-
losophy of, cxxvi. 79, 84
Conscription, vicious effects of, on
population and wealth, cxxvi. 281;
viewed as a link between the
army and the people, 286
Conservative Party, the, their oppo-
sition to Post Office Reform, cxx.

65; vote of want of confidence in
1859, 566; their hostility to Ec-
clesiastical Reforms, 590; their
defeat on the Dano-German ques-
tion, 592; their leaders not wed-
ded by precedent to tradition,

594

Conservative Party, the, probable ac-
cession of strength to, from an ex-
tended franchise, cxxiii. 290

schism in 1867 on the Reform
question, cxxv. 586

their inconsistency in 1829,
1846, and 1867 compared, cxxvi.
541

effect of Lord Derby's retire-
ment on, cxxvii. 560; immorality
of their position under Mr. Dis-
raeli, 577

their attempts to identify
Liberalism with Radicalism, exxix.
290

distinguished from the old
Tories, cxxxv. 250; modern cha-
racter as a party of resistance,
251; their claims to the Church
and landed interests, ib. 255

their delusive patronage of
the 'working-man,' cxxxix. 274;
their fidelity to party, 275: child-
like character of their allegiance,
288;
their chief utility in opposi-
tion, ib. See Parliament
Consolidation Acts (1861), neglect
of criminal definitions in, cxxi.
130

Consols, importance of making them
a field for popular investment,
cxxxviii. 112, 113

Constance, Council of, (1414-18), its
authority denied by Roman Cath-
olics, cxxx. 317

mixed character of, cxxxvi.
122; its importance to revived
learning, ib.

levy of, on monastic libraries,
cxxxvii. 72

Lake of, ancient dwellings
discovered in, cxvi. 159

Constance, Treaty of (1474), cxix. 571
Constans II. (Emperor of Constanti-
nople, d. 361), his visit to Rome,
cxviii. 358; plunders the statues
and the Pantheon, ib.

Constant de Rebecque (Henri Ben-
jamin, 1767-1830), advises Buo-
naparte to maintain the Chamber
of Peers, cxiv. 494; his share in
the Additional Act, 496; pro-
moted by Buonaparte after his re-
turn from Elba, ib.; his account of
Buonaparte, 497

persecution of, by Buona-
parte, cxxvi. 332; Miss Edge-
worth's description of, 486
Constantine the Great (274-337), his
conversion to Christianity, cxi.
435; his spiritual authority, 437;
action in Church matters, 439; pre-
sides at the Council of Nicæa, 447

his Decree on the observance
of the Sabbath, cxiv. 554

Christian monogram ascribed
to him, cxx. 228

his visit to Rome, cxxxv. 295
his library, cxxxix. 8
Constantine IX. (Palæologus, Em-
peror of Constantinople, d. 1453),
his efforts at union with the Latin
Church, cxxi. 486; his last wor-
ship in St. Sophia, 487
Constantine, Grand Prince of Russia
(1779-1831), his renunciation of
the succession to the Empire,
cxxxii. 365
Constantinople, Turkish capture of,
an epoch in history, cxix. 532

choice of, by Constantine, as
his capital, cxxi. 460; the Nika
Sedition at, 462; censures of
Patriarchs of, 482; Latin occupa-
tion, 484; capture of, by Mahomet
II., 487. See St. Sophia

first Council at, in 381,
cxxvi. 97; theological disputes
fashionable, 99; rival claimants
to the see, 102; appeal to Rome,
104; origin of the Council there-

I

from, ib. scene at Gregory's
election, 105; edict against the
Arians, ib.; bishops present at the
Council, 106; moderation of its
proceedings, 107; sudden death of
the president, ib.; strong discus-
sion of the Antioch compact, 108,
109; fresh bishops summoned by
Theodosius, ib.; resignation of
Gregory, 111; his successor Necta-
rius, 113; subsequent proceedings
of the Council, 114; alleged en-
largement of the Nicene Creed,
115; the Council dissolves, 118;
funeral ceremony to Bishop Paul,
ib.; lessons of the Council, 119;
meanness and frivolity of its pro-
ceedings, 120

early libraries at, cxxxix. 8;
modern researches therein, 17
Constantius II. (Roman Emperor of
the West, d. 361), his visit to
Rome described by Ammianus
Marcellinus, cxviii. 344
Constitutional Law. See Law, Con-
stitutional

Constitution (British), historical
changes in, cxviii. 526; proof
against the attempts of George
III., 536

Constitutions, Burke's remark on,
cxl. 206

Consubstantiation, introduction of
the theory of, cxxxvi. 285
Consular Marriage Acts, hardships
of, cxxx. 296

Consumptive diseases, attributable to
depravation of the blood, cxxxvi.
238; mortality from, in England,
ib.; Dr. William's discoveries, 239;
question of its contagious nature,
240; curative properties of cod-
liver oil, 242

Convent, originally meant any as-

sembly, cxxviii. 69
Conventual system, question of obe-
dience settled by the case of
'Saurin v. Star,' cxxx. 332
Conversation, Johnson's distinction
of, from talk, cxxiv. 341; Swift's
rule of, 381
Conveyancing, value of public maps
in, cxviii. 401, 402
Convict system, the, fickleness of
legislation respecting, cxvii. 242;
its failure in England due to mal-
administration, 243; extravagant
cost of, 244; moral evils of trans-
portation, ib.; the 'Humanitarian'
scandal, 246; the Separate System
Act, 247; establishment of Park-
hurst, ib.; the 'probation system'
in Van Diemen's Land, 248; aban-
donment of the hulks, ib.; failure
of the 'mark system,' 249; the
Penal Servitude Act of 1853, ib.;
its good results in Ireland, 250;
the intermediate prison system
there, 251; ticket-of-leave crimi-
nals, 257; remission of sentences
forbidden by convict prison direc-
tors, ib.; report of the Commons'
Committee of 1856, 258; the
Penal Servitude Act of 1857,
259; neglect of police surveil-
lance, 260; allowances to witnesses
at prosecutions, 262; want of
registration, ib.; intermediate pri-
sons required in England, 263;
dietary in state prisons too low,
264;
mischief of shortening sen-
tences, 265; flogging as a punish-
ment, ib.

Convocation (English), not the organ

of the Church, cxiii. 29; censure
of, on Essays and Reviews,'
471

proceedings of, after the
'Essays and Reviews' judgment,
cxx, 280, 281; freedom of speech
in, 287

pretensions of Archbishop

Parker, cxxi. 155; synodical de-
claration of, against Essays and
Reviews,' criticised by Dr. Man-
ning, 161; Act of Henry VIII.
respecting, ib. 165
Convocation (English), growing
spirit of liberality in, exxxiii. 415
its limited usefulness in
Church legislation, cxl. 429; pro-
posed powers of amending the
Rubrics, ib.; the proposal revolu-
tionary and retrograde, ib.; early
spiritual pretensions, 430; history
of, 431; taxing power of, abolished,
ib.; present character of, as Sy-
nods, 432; early liability to colli-
sion with the Crown, 433; the
Statute of Appeals under Henry
VIII., ib.; effects of the Reforma-
tion on, 434; later interference of
Parliament, 435; legislation under
Edward VI., 436; Elizabeth, 437;
its ratification of legislative acts
purely negative, 438; its share in
the Book of Canons, 439; events
of the Restoration, 440; proceed-
ings respecting the Prayer-book,

ib.;
and the Comprehension Bill,
441; its subsequent history, 442;
dormant period and revival of, ib.;
inherent feebleness of, 444; not
national, but provincial, 445; an-
ecdote of rival presidents, ib.; ano-
malous relations of Upper and
Lower House in Convocation of
Canterbury, 445; does not repre-
sent the Church, 446; false posi-
tion of, b.; its purely clerical
sympathies, 447; attempt to
change the 29th canon, ib.; pro-
posals of reformers of, 450; has
originated nothing, 454; useful
suggestions recently adopted by,
455; revision of the Authorised
Version of the Bible, ib. 456;
proposals of Ritual Commission
rejected by, 457; its report on
Ritualism, 459

Cook (Captain James, 1728-1779),

his observations of the Transit of
Venus, cxxxviii. 149, 158
Cook (Dr.), his unattractive history of
the Church in Scotland, cxiv. 394
Coomassie, British advance on,
cxxxviii. 584. See Gold Coast
Co-operation, the principle applied to
popular investments, cxxxviii. 115
Co-operative Societies in 1864, cxx.

407; principle of co-operation de-
fined, ib.; advantages of, to the
labouring classes, 413 (see Roch-
dale Pioneers); objections to ex-
tending the principle to manufac-
tures, 415; the Wholesale Society,
ib.; their stability during the
cotton famine, 416, 417; opposed
by shopkeepers and benefit clubs,
418; essential principles of man-
agement, 419; their value as a
preventive of strikes, 421; co-
operation in land, 422; Mr. Gur-
don's experiment, ib. 423; co-
operative colony in Queensland
proposed, 423; co-operation in
houses, 424; advantages of the
boarding scheme, 425; co-opera-
tion in education, 427; determi-
nation of members to obtain the
suffrage, 428; effects of, on pau-
perism, 431; distinctive features
of societies abroad, 432
Co-operative system, the, success
of, at the Whitwood Collieries,
cxxxvii. 481

Cooper's Hill, Indian Civil Engineer-
ing College at, cxxxix. 333
Coornhert (1522-1590), his engrav-
ing of Heemskerck's 'Victories,'
cxxxii. 72; his life and character,
ib. 73

Copenhagen, expedition to, cxvi. 49
Copernicus (Nicholas, 1473-1543),

his treatise on Coining Money,'
translated by M. Wolowski, cxxiii.
83; its practical character, 93; ad-
vocates suppression of local mints,
94; and withdrawal of bad money,

ib.

Copley, Sir John. See Lyndhurst,
Lord

Copper, its conducting power for
electric purposes, cxiii. 117

manufacture of, at Dinant, in
the 15th century, cxix. 544
Copper mines, depth of, in the Hartz
mountains and Tyrol, cxx. 484
Coppermine River, its course traced
to the Arctic Ocean, cxix. 447
Coptic alphabet, the, cxvi. 103
Copyright, the principle confused
with that of patent-right, cxxi.
584
Coquerel (M. Athanase, jun.), his
expulsion by the Protestant Con-
sistory at Paris, cxxi. 556
Corals, reef-building by, described,
cxxx. 162

Corday (Charlotte, 1768-1793), her
character depreciated by M. Louis
Blanc, cxviii. 107 and note
Corea, correspondence and works
respecting, cxxxvi. 299; scanty
notice of, 300; Chinese aversion
to intercourse with, 301; origin
of the word, ib. note; relations
with the Ming dynasty, ib.; in-
troduction of Christianity, 302;
conversion of Pierre Li,' 304;
success of Jesuit missionaries, ib.;
mission of Paul Li to Peking, 306;
later persecutions, 307; geogra-
phical divisions of, ib.; ethnolo-
gical features, 308; products and
natural resources, 309; simple
mode of life, 310; costume, 311;
despotic form of monarchy, ib.;
military service and religion, 312;
literary dependence on China,
313; strict policy of isolation,
ib.; the frontier fair, 314; Catho-
lic missionaries in the present
century, ib.; custom regarding
mourning, 316; native fears
of Russian aggression, 319; the
King's death in 1864, 320;
policy of Prince Kung, ib. 321;
massacre of M. Berneux and

other missionaries, 322; war
with the French, 324; the
American ship 'General Sher-
man' destroyed, with her crew,
328; buccaneering expedition of
the 'China,' 330; Mr. Seward's
despatches, ib.; American mis-
sion, 331; their squadron at-
tacked, 332; their victory at
Kang-hoa, 333; the squadron re-
tires, ib.; loss of European pres-
tige in, 334

Corn, fluctuations in the value of,
cxv. 37

Corneille (Pierre de, 1606-1684),

anecdote showing his fitful inspi-
rations, cxxiv. 379; St. Evre-
mond's criticism of, 380
Cornelius, blamed for mannerism in
fresco-painting, cxxiii. 9; his Last
Judgment at Munich, 10; gran-
deur in his designs, ib.; his works
neglected, 11; his mode of pre-
paring cartoons, 13; his supe-
riority at Munich, 20 and note;
his over-attention to patronage,
32

Cornhill, ancient markets at, cxxxi.
170

Cornhill Magazine, 'Paterfamilias'
in, on Eton, cxiii. 389
Corn Laws, nature of the agitation
for repeal of, cxxix. 277
Cornwallis (Charles, Marquis of,
1738-1805), his failure in India
anticipated, cxii. 36

Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland;
his conciliatory policy, exvi. 149
his government of Bengal,

cxxix. 225

his suppression of the Irish
rebellion, cxxxix. 504
Correggio (Antonio Allegri da, 1496-
1534), his employment of fresco,
cxxiii. 18, 19

Corsica, Paoli's insurrection in,
cxxxix. 205; proposed cession to
England, ib.; Lady Minto's de-
scription of, ib.; Sir Gilbert El-

liot's viceroyalty, 207; abandoned
by the British, 209
Corundum. See Precious Stones
Corvée, system of, in France, cxix.

358; abolished by Turgot, 359
Corvinus (Matthew, King of Hun-
gary, 1443-1490), his library,
cxxxix. 16

Cossai (5th century), remote ances-
tor of Mahomet, cxxiv. 8; his
possession of the Caaba, 9
Costa (Sir Michael), his relations
with Berlioz, cxxxiii. 55
'Cote, sporting-term in Hamlet'
explained, cxxxvi. 344
Cottenham (Charles Christopher
Pepys, Baron, Lord Chancellor,
1781-1851), his appointment to
the Great Seal, cxxix. 60
Cotton, sources of supply, cxv. 479;
want of skilled labour in culti-
vation, 483; prospects of increased
export from India, 484; irregu-
larity of home demand for Indian
cotton 485. See India

Sea Island cotton in Aus-
tralia and America, cxviii. 338,
339; Peruvian, 521, 522

manufacture of, at Dundee,

cxx. 337

immense fall in price of, in
1867, cxxvii. 273; reduction in
quantity imported, 274

goods at the Paris Exhibi-
tion, cxxix. 385, 388

famine in England, the, not
wholly caused by the American
war, cxvii. 279; surplus hands
should be transferred to other
trades, 282; temporary poor-rate
proposed, 283; private liberality
insufficient, 285; evils of a national
vote, ib.

conduct of Parliament re-
specting, cxx. 585, 586
Cotton (Sir Arthur), his services in
Indian irrigation, cxix. 126; his
strictures on the Ganges Canal, 132
County Courts' Amendment Bill