is fifty-three. Of these, three were for seven copies each, one for five, one for three, all the others for six each. The list commences with the town of Worcester, which gave four names-all for six copies each, viz. John Chandler, Esq., Major Daniel Howard, Mr. Thomas Wheeler, and Mr. John Curtiss. Concord three, the Hon. James Minot, Esq., Mr. Thomas Murrow, and Mr. Henry Flint, each for six. The town of Boston must have been poorly canvassed, as but two names are given, viz:, Mr. Jonas Leonard, and Mr. John Burbeen, each for six. Rutland had nineteen names, viz., Capt. Joseph Stevens, Capt. Edward Rice, Mr. Moses Leonard, Mr. Andrew Henty, Mr. Thomas Flint, Mr. Nathan Stone, Mr. James Caldwell, Mr. Joseph Houlton, Mr. Aaron Ross, Capt. John Hubbard, Mr. Edward Invuse, Mr. Eliphalet Howe, Mr. Jonas Stone, Mr. Daniel Davis, Mr. Israel How, Mr. Benjamin Willard, Mr. Skelton Felton, Deacon Eleazer Ball, and Mr. Moses How, all for six each, except the last who took seven, and D. Davis three. In Lancaster were but two subscribers. viz. Samuel Willard, Esq., and Mr. Joshua Hide, each for six. Cambridge produced but two, Wm. Brattle, Esq., and Edmund Goff, Esq., each for six. Houghton, John Shepard, Esq.; Shrewsbury, Mr. Daniel Willard, seven. Hartford, Mr. Edward Cudwell, Jun.; Brimfield, Mr. Daniel Burt; Sturbridge, Capt. Moses Marsey; Norton, Capt. Jonathan Lawrence, seven; Sudbury, Mr. Isaac Baldwin, Mr. David How, and Mr. Ezekiel How; Brookfield, Oliver Hayward, Esq., Mr. Ebenezer How, and Mr. Abner Brown; Uxbridge, John Harwood, Esq., Upton, Mr. Jonathan Wood; Woodstock, Mr. Joseph Chaffe, Jun.; Mendon, Mr. Wm. Rawson, Jun.; Townshend, Mr. Timothy Heald; Leicester, Mr. Oliver Witt, [since changed to De Witt] five; Marlboro, Mr. Ephraim Brigham; Springfield, Mr. Luke Hebbins, and Mr. Nathaniel Ely. This comprises the whole list-all subscribers for six copies, except where otherwise noted.

The little work has neither Preface nor

Introduction, and is of such rarity that but very few copies are known to be in existence. Our copy, though perfect, has seen hard service. It is the smallest work ever issued by subscription, so far as the writer's knowledge extends in the direction of books with subscribers names in them.

There is quite a stir among the Howes and Hows of this generation, and we learn that a large work is in preparation upon the genealogical history of the family. The story of Jemima How, also a captive among the Indians is well known. She was a Sawtell or Sartwell-the name being variously written, we mention this as her maiden name does not appear in any of the many accounts of her and her captivity.

We come now to a very handsomely printed volume, of the square octavo size, bearing this title.-"The LIFE and CHARACTER of the Reverend Benjamin Colman, D.D., Late Pastor of a Church in BOSTON, NEW ENGLAND, who deceased August 29th, 1747. By EBENEZER TURELL, A.M., Pastor of Medford; Rev. ii, 19. I know thy, SERVICE.-Non Nobis nati sumus. BOSTON NEW ENGLAND, Printed and sold by ROGERS and FOWLE in Queen Street, and by J. EDWARDS, in Cornhill, MDCCXLIX.

This is rather a thin octavo, of but 238 pages. And when we read the author's Postscript, we regretted that what he omitted is probably what students of this age would prize the most; namely, an Appendix, "containing many curious and entertaining Pieces." This omission he tells his readers "must now lie buried for want of sufficient subscriptions and encouragement to the undertakers; and by reason the Books already swelling to a bulk beyond expectation and DESIRE OF SOME of the Subscribers."

This announcement must have appeared rather extraordinary to the people who knew Dr. Colman; inasmuch as the estate of that eminent gentleman is believed to have been ample to warrant the expense of a much larger volume independent of any subscription. The husband of his only surviving child was his biographer. We forbear drawing inferences here, and

will refer the reader to a memoir of Dr. Colman and his family in the third volume of the "New England Historical and Genealogical Register." He was the first minister of the Brattle Street Church, Boston.

To the volume under notice is a Preface by the Rev. MATHER BYLES, the Rev. ELLIS GRAY, and the Rev. SAMUEL COOPER. Though they do justice to the memory of Dr. Colman, they evidently thought an apology necessary for Mr. Turell.

The list of subscribers is very small, consisting of but about 195. Sixty-four of these subscribed for more than one copy. In all 371 copies were thus disposed of. Probably little or no exertion was made to secure names for the work, perhaps none beyond the "undertakers" at their places of business. The list is a very splendid one, as it respects men of distinction. No one subscribed for more than six copies. Those who are down for this number are the Hon. John Alford, Esq.; John Colman, Esq.; Peter Chardon; Mr. Benjamin Dearborn; Mr. Daniel Greenleaf; Thomas Hancock, Esq.; Mr. Edward Marion; Mr. Timothy Newell; John Phillips, Esq.; Mr. James Pitts; the Rev. Ebenezer Parkman; Mrs. Prudence Prentice; Mr. John Staniford; Mr. Thomas Savage; William Tyler, Esq., the Rev. Mr. William Thompson; the Rev. Mr. James Darney; the Hon. Jacob Wendell; Major Ephraim Williams; Mr. William White; Mr. Jonathan Whitney; Messrs. Willis and Fitch. Those for four copies were the Rev. Mr. Samuel Cooper; John Fayerweather, Esq.; Capt. Ebenezer Storer. Those for three copies were Mr. Thomas Allen; Mr. James Bowdoin; Mr. Richard Cany; Col. Wiliam Downe; Mr. Thomas Fluker; Mr. Edward Jackson; the Rev. William Wetsted. Those for two were Mrs. Rebecca Amory; Thos. Bulfinch; Josias Byles, Jun.; Jonas Clarke, Esq.; Mr. Wm. Cooper; Mr. Richard Cranch; Mrs. Hannah Davis; Mr. William

Davis; the Rev. Ellis Gray; John Gore; Mr. John Kneeland; Mr. Richard Manson; Rev. Mr. Samuel Niles; Mr. William Owen; Mr. Daniel Oliver; Mr. Edmund Quincy, Jun; Mr. Henry Quincy; Jacob Royall, Esq., Mr. Samuel Phillips Savage; Isaac Smith; Mr. Royall Tyler; Edward Wigglesworth, D.D., and Hollisian, Professor of Harvard College; Mr. Jacob Wendell, Jun.; Mr. William Winter. All the others were for one each. Among these are some historical and noted names, as the Rev. Mr. Nathaniel Appleton; Mr. Samuel Adams [probably the father of the patriot of the same name]; Rev. Mr. Simon Bradstreet; Edward Bromfield; Roland Cotton, Esq., Rev. Samuel Checkley; Rev. Mr. Marston Cabot; Mr. Seth; Mr. Ebenezer and Mr. John Coburn; Mr. William Cheseborough; Rev. Mr. Samuel Dexter; Mr. Richard Draper; Rev. Mr. Andrew Eliot; Mr. Samuel Franklin, Jun.; Mr. Eleazer Fisher; Mr. John Gardner; Mrs. Hannah Glover; Rev. Timothy Harrington; Mr. Joseph How; Mr. Phineas Holden; Rev. Mr. Jeridiah Jewett; Mrs. Mary Johnson; Mr. John Knight; Mr. Jonathan Kimball; Hon. Benjamin Lynde, Esq.; Col: Benjamin Lincoln; Rev. Mr. Israel Loring, Mr. Jonathan Lewis; Rev. Mr. John Morehead; Rev. Mr. Jonathan Mayhew; Mr. Belcher Noyes; Jeremiah Powell, Esq.; Rev. Mr. Thomas Prince; Rev. Mr. Jona. Parsons; Mr. Joseph Palmer; Mr. Wm. Pratt; Mr. Benjamin Pickman; Mr. David Rawland; Mr. Joseph Roby; Mr. Ebenezer Rice; Rev. Mr. Joseph Sewall; Mr. Joseph Seccomb; Mr. Joseph Sherburne; Mr. John Scollay; Mr. Malachy Salter, Jun.; Mr. Edward Ladd Sanders; Mr. John Tudor; Mr. Benjamin Toppan; Mr. Wm. Thomas; Mr. Simon Tufts; Mr. Cornelius Thayer; Rev. Mr. Wm. Vinal; Rev. Mr. Wm. Williams; Mr. Timothy White; Mr. Thomas Wade; Mr. John Mico Wendell.

No place of residence is given to any of the subscribers.

We properly lament the violence of political and religious partisanship in our day; and the less hopeful sometimes fancy that society is degenerating into an unhappy association of antagonisms that will be destructive of civilization and hurtful to christianity. But he who studies the phases of society as they existed in our country and in England in the latter part of the last century, will readily perceive that the reverse is a fact. Placability, toleration and forgetfulness of irritations in discussion which were almost unknown then, are now universally prevalent. Implacability, intolerance and resentment for affronts against opinion, which alienated personal friends and divided families were everywhere prevalent. Then, very few minds arose superior to the influence which mold men into demagogues in politics and bigots in religion; and the wisest and purest patriots of our Revolutionary times, were often eminent for their vehemence and even rancor in their discussions of public measures.

Circumstances were favorable to the nurture of such feelings. Strong convictions concerning the most vital questions, gave tone to men's actions. The young and independent nation was the fruit of a violent moral and physical struggle; and those who had battled manfully for the production of that fruit were extremely jealous for the healthy growth of the tree that bore it. They could not tolerate anything that seemed like opposition to or even luke-warmness for their cause.

Antipathy to England, the recent deadly foe of the colonists and then the most insolent and overbearing of all the members of the family of nations, was a widespread passion and any show of admiration for British institutions in part or in whole, was regarded as disloyalty to the new Republic.

It was indeed a time of bitter partisanship when a writer in a news-paper (Aurora of Philadelphia) could say on the retirement of the First President from office

"If ever a nation has been debauched by a man, the American nation has been debauched by Washington. If ever a nation was deceived by a man, the American nation has been deceived by Washington. Let his conduct, then, be an example to future ages. Let it serve to be a warning that no man may be an idol. Let the history of the Federal government instruct mankind, that the mask of patriotism may be worn to conceal the foulest designs against the liberties of the people.'

And another wrote-"Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seen thy salvation. If ever there was a time that would license the reiteration of the exclamation of the pious Simeon, that time is now arrived; for the man who is the source of all the misfortunes of our country is this day reduced to a level with his fellow citizens and no longer possessed of power to multiply evils upon the United States. When a retrospect is taken of the Washington administration for eight years, it is a subject of the greatest astonishment that a single individual should have cankered the principles of republicanism in an enlightened people just emerged from the gulf of despotism and should have carried his designs against the public liberty so far as to have put in jeopardy its very existence. Such, however, are the facts, and, with them staring us in the face, this day ought to be a Jubilee in the United States.

The jealousy and intolerance first noticed were very conspicuous during Washington's administration as the first President of the Republic. The opinions of politicians and the people were crystalized into two great factions or political parties known respectivly as Federalists and Republicans. The acknowledged leader of the Federalists or Conservatives was Alexander Hamilton, and the real founder and leader of the Republican party, or the Democracy was Thomas Jefferson.

These men were both members of Washington's cabinet, and his confidential advisers. Jefferson had but lately returned from France when he was called to a seat in the cabinet. He had been there several years on diplomatic service; had seen the uprising of the so-called French democracy against the privileged orders, known as the French Revolution; had been intimate with some of the best and purest of the leaders in the movement, such as Layfayette, and had become thoroughly saturated with the idea that a weak government and a strong people were the best guarantees of liberty to the citizen.

With such feelings Jefferson went to NewYork to enter upon his ministerial duties. The conservatism of Washington and his associates in the government, and their lack of enthusiasm on the subject of the French Revolution, which glowed so warmly in his own heart, were construed by him into indifference to the spread of Democratic principles. The cold conservatism of what was called the best society in NewYork, much of it infused with the old Tory element, chilled him. He was alarmed, shocked, and dissatisfied. He had scarcely taken his seat in the cabinet before, with his usual freedom of speech, he openly declared that some of his associate ministers held decidedly monarchical views; and it became a settled conviction in his mind that there was a party in the United States at work, secretly, and sometimes openly for the overthrow of Republicanism. Bitterness soon sprang up between Mr. Jefferson and some of his colleagues upon whose patriotism his expressed opinion cast injurious reflections. He attacked John Adams as a monarchist because of the sentiments of his "Discourse on Davila," a work which had appeared at an inopportune time; and Jefferson as a free thinker in religion, and Adams, cast in the mold of Puritan thought on divine subjects, found immediate and bitter partizans in the religious world. Jefferson was denounced as an infidel, because he followed reason instead of the theologians.

At Hamilton, whose Funding System and Government Bank, Jefferson regarded

as instruments for enslaving the people, his sharpest arrows of criticism were aimed. Hamilton made first defensive and then offensive war upon his antagonist. Two great parties were formed and bitter was the strife. The number of combatants speedily increased. The war of words waxed hot, and attacks upon personal character often took the place of argument.

Caricature was then little known as an art or weapon in this country, or it would have been most extensively employed as it then was in England. Yet it was not unknown: and a well executed caricature intended to convey the idea that Mr. Jefferson was willing to lay upon the Altar of French Democracy (which had, in the Reign of Terror, developed into a terrible scourge) the constitution and liberties of his country, and the Christian religion. That Caricature, of which a reduced copy is here given, is 12 by 14 inches in size. Upon an "Altar to Gallic Despotism," entwined by a serpent, before which Jefferson is kneeling in devotion, are laid various papers so marked as to indicate his lack of orthodoxy in religion such as "Godwin," "Age of Reason,' "J. J. Rousseau," "Helvetius, ""Voltaire," and the "Aurora" and "Chronicle," newspapers. Around the Altar are bags of offerings, marked "Portugal Oranges Bribe," "American Spoliations," "Spain," "Venice," "Sardinia," "Dutch Resources,' "Flanders." Back of these is seen the demon of the French Revolution, black and wicked, with a dagger near his hand. Over all is the American Eagle soaring with a scroll marked "Constitution and Independence U. S. A." in one talon, which has snatched it from the altar on which Jefferson had placed it, while the other talon is defending the scroll from the enraged worshipper who is trying to seize it. From Jefferson's hand is falling a letter upon which are the words, "To Mazzei." This Caricature which forms a frontispiece to the pamphlet entitled "Observation on the dispute between the United States and France" by Robert G. Harper, in the possession of the writer, is without date. It was probably issued in the summer of 1797, at the time when the

public mind was much excited by the republication in American newspapers of Jefferson's letter to Mazzei, mentioned in a foot-note on page 4 of the RECORD. The following is a copy of that letter dated Monticello, June 24th 1796, omitting what is of a private nature:

"The aspect of our politics has wonderfully changed since you left us. In place of that noble love of liberty and republican government which carried us triumphantly through the war, an Anglican monarchical and aristocratical party has sprung up, whose avowed object is to draw over us the substance, as they have already done the forms, of the British government. The main body of our citizens, however, remain true to their republican principles; the whole landed interest is republican, and so is a great mass of talent. Against us are the executive, the judiciary, two out of three

branches of the legislature, all the officers of the government, all who want to be officers, all timid men who prefer the calm of despotism to the boisterous sea of liberty, British merchants, and Americans trading on British capitals, speculators and holders in the Bank and public funds, a contrivance invented for the purposes of corruption, and for assimilating us in all things to the rotten as well as the sound parts of the British model. It would give you a fever were I to name to you the apostates who have gone over to these heresies, men who were Samsons in the field and Solomons in the council, but who have had their heads shorn by the harlot England. In short we are likely to preserve the liberty we have obtained only by unremitting labors and perils. But we shall preserve it, and our mass of weight and wealth on the good side is so great, as to leave no danger that