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906. The grand jury was at that time a part of our old county court system. The law provided for the impanelment of a grand jury at the opening of each regular term of the county court, unless otherwise directed by the judge (section 241, Code Civ. Proc.), and, where such impanelment was to be had, the judge was required to make an order for the drawing from the "regular jurors" of a sufficient number of grand jurors from which the grand jury might be selected. Section 214, Code Civ. Proc. This drawing was required to be made at least seven days before the opening of the term. The terms of the county court were fixed by the same Code (section 88. Code Civ. Proc.), and in more than half of the counties, including San Francisco, a term commenced on the first Monday of January in each year. By the provisions of a general act, approved March 1, 1872. each term of court continued until the next regular term, a period varying in length from two to four months, unless the business of the court was sooner disposed of. The selections of persons to serve as "regular jurors" for grand jury purposes were then required to be made by the board of supervisors of each county at their first regular meeting in each year, which was ordinarily the first Monday in January. It is apparent from this that the grand jury impaneled at the opening of the term of each county court commencing on the first Monday of January would be taken from the list of the preceding year, and that within a very few days after such impanelment the new selections of "regular jurors" for the ensuing year would be made and returned. Under petitioner's construction, the selection and return of the new jurors would have discharged the grand jury impaneled only a few days before, and just commencing the business for which it had been brought together. and this in the face of a provision in the Penal Code which clearly implies that such jury should continue until it completed the business before it and was discharged by the court, or until the final adjournment of the court for the term. Of course, no such absurdity was intended. Force and effect can be given to the various provisions enacted in 1872 relative to juries, as distinguished from jurors, only by construing section 210. Code Civ. Proc.. as it was construed in the Gannon and Kelly Cases. So construed all the provisions are harmonious and the result sensible. See, also. State ex rel. Clark v. Second Judicial District Court. 31 Mont. 428. 78 Pac. 769. It has been suggested that the object of section 210 of the Code of Civil Procedure was to prevent the keeping in existence any particular grand jury for an indefinite time. It is obvious that this could not have been the purpose of the section, in view of the provisions of section 906 of the Penal Code enacted at the same time, which expressly limited the life of the grand jury to the term of the court for which it was impaneled, a pe

riod of from two to four months. We are satisfied that the latter section of the Penal Code was intended to cover the whole subject of the discharge of a grand jury.

While we have not discussed all the arguments made by learned counsel in support of the contention of petitioner, we have considered them all, and find therein no reason to doubt the correctness of the decisions in the Gannon and Kelly Cases.

The application for a writ of prohibition is denied.

MCFARLAND, J. (dissenting). I dissent, and think that the writ of prohibition asked for should be granted. I base this conclusion on the ground that at the time of the presentation of the indictment against the petitioner the body of men who undertook to indict him was not a grand jury, and that the purported indictment was a nullity and gave no jurisdiction to the superior court to try the petitioner.

A man cannot be legally placed on trial for a felony at the will of any person, or body of persons, who may choose to make an accusation against him. The accusation must be made in manner as provided by law, and, if there is no such accusation, there is no jurisdiction in any court to try the accused. In this state there are only two legal ways of putting a man upon trial for a felonyone by information 'after open examination and commitment by a magistrate, which need not be here considered, the other, the one claimed to have been followed in this case, by indictment by a grand jury. The court is about to proceed to try petitioner upon a paper writing in the form of an indictment for a felony. filed in the court, and presented by a body of men claiming to be a grand jury. Petitioner alleges that this body was not a grand jury at the time the said paper writing was presented: and if this be so, as I am clear it is, then there is no jurisdiction in the subordinate court to proceed with the trial and the writ of prohibition should issue. Respondent concedes that, if this be so, the remedy by prohibition is proper. The ordeal of being compelled to submit to a trial upon an indictment for an alleged felony is a most onerous one. The accused must prepare for a trial. He must endure all the temporary obloquy of such a charge. Though innocent, he must take the chances of being convicted upon insufficient evidence, which may easily happen when there is a great public feeling against him, or against a class to which he is supposed to belong, and juries are liable to be insensibly influenced by popular clamor. Moreover, though acquitted, he can never wholly escape the shadow of the cloud which an indictment and trial have cast over him. His enemies may always intimate that he was acquitted merely because the evidence was not quite strong enough to show him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. It is therefore not only the right of the ac

cused person to resist a trial when not prosecuted according to law, but it is his duty to himself, to those dependent on him, and to his friends to do so.

The provisions of the Code upon which the question in this case arises are, so far as material, briefly as follows: Section 204, Code Civ. Proc., provides that in January "in each year" a majority of the judges of the superior court of San Francisco shall make an order designating the estimated number of grand jurors that will in their opinion be required for the transaction of the business of the court "during the ensuing year." Immediately after making such order they "shall select and list" the grand jurors required by said order to serve as grand jurors in said superior court during the ensuing year, or until new lists shall be provided, and lists of "persons so selected" shall immediately be placed in the possession of the county clerk. Section 209, Code Civ. Proc.. provides that, upon receiving such list, the county clerk shall file the same in his office. write the names of the persons selected on separate pieces of paper of same size and appearance, and fold each piece so as to conceal the name thereon, and shall deposit these pieces of paper with the names on them in a box to be called the "grand jury box." From the persons whose names are thus in the box a grand jury must be drawn and impaneled whenever a grand jury is needed for the transaction of the business of the court. Section 210 provides (and this is the most important provision bearing on the question here involved) as follows: "The persons whose names are so returned shall be known as regular jurors, and shall serve one year and until other persons are selected and returned." The facts bearing upon the question presented in the case at bar are these: In January, 1906, the judges of said superior court made an order that 144 grand jurors would be required for the transaction of the business of the court during the ensuing year. They selected 144 persons and gave a list thereof to the clerk, who filed the same in his office, and put the names of such persons each on a separate and similar piece of paper in the grand jury box as required by the provisions of the Code hereinbefore referred to. From this box a grand jury was drawn and impaneled during the year 1906. In January, 1907, the judges again made an order that 144 grand jurors would be required to transact the business of the court for the ensuing year. They selected that number of persons for grand jurors and gave a list of them to the clerk, who filed the same and put the names on separate piece of paper in the grand jury box, as provided by the Code. This was all done not later than February 14, 1907, and, if thereafter during the ensuing year it became necessary to have a grand jury for the transaction of the business of the court, these persons who were thus selected in January, 1907, and whose

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names were in the grand jury box for that year were the proper persons from whom to draw and impanel such grand jury. No jury, however, was impaneled from such persons; but the persons who constituted the said former grand jury of 1906 assumed to continue to act as grand jury after January and are still assuming so to act, and on May 24th, about four months after said new list had been provided, they presented to the superior court a paper writing which in form is an indictment of petitioner for felony. It is upon this paper writing that the respondent court is about to proceed to try petitioner. There is no other accusation against him. Under the Code provisions and the facts as above stated the invalidity of said paper writing as an indictment is so plain, clear, and obvious to my mind that the subject does not present to me even a debatable question.

Under the Code the persons selected in January of each year are to act for one year and "until" other persons are selected the next year. This means that they shall act only until the happening of the event mentioned, and not afterwards. The word "until" as used in section 210 is a word of limitation, and designates the end of the thing referred to. The meaning of this word when used as in the Code is aptly stated by the Court of Appeals of Missouri in Maginn v. Lancaster, 100 Mo. App. 116, 73 S. W. 372, as follows: "The word 'until' is a word of limitation, used ordinarily to restrict what immediately precedes it to what immediately follows it. Its office is to point out some point of time, or the happening of some event. when what precedes it shall cease to exist, or have any further force or effect." But there is no need to elaborate this proposition further, because, as I understand it, there is no serious contention that the word "until” in section 210 is not a word of limitation as to the persons and things to which it refers, but it is contended that it does not apply to the persons who constituted the grand jury of 1906 and who claim to still constitute a legal grand jury. notwithstanding the provisions of the Code and the fact that in January, 1907. "other persons" were selected. In support of the point last above mentioned, it is contended that the provision in section 210, that after the selection of "other persons" the former persons shall not serve, does not mean that they shall not serve when impaneled in a grand jury, but that it refers only to those whose names are in the jury box liable to be called upon to form a grand jury, but who have not been so called. I see no rational ground for such contention. The language of the Code certainly does not contain any such out of the way limitation of the word. It simply uses the plain word "serve" in its ordinary sense. There is no limitation of its meaning-no intimation of an intent to employ a wellknown English word in a sense different

of a grand jury. But how can there be a legal grand jury which is composed of persons who are not qualified to act as grand jurors, and why speculate about the impossible term of an imaginary grand jury which has no existence?

from that which is commonly attached to it. | limited, there is no limitation of the term We are therefore to give the word its ordinary meaning, just as we give to other common words their ordinary meaning, considered, of course, in the relation which the word bears to the context. Now, what is the plain meaning of the word "serve" as applied to the persons selected as regular grand jurors under the Code? The general meaning of the word "serve" is to "perform service," and it is difficult to see how a person whose only relation to a grand jury consists of his name being in a box-frequently without his knowledge can possibly serve in the sense of performing service. It seems to me that he can properly be said to "serve" as a grand juror only when he is in a position to do something as such juror-only after his impanelment into a grand jury has given him the power to perform some act in the capacity of grand juror. But, suppose it be considered not improper to say that he serves when he is merely in the negative position of being liable to be called upon to act as a grand juror-upon what species of reasoning can it be held that he ceases to serve as soon as he is impaneled into a grand jury. When he is acting as a member of an impaneled grand jury, is he not serving? To say that before he becomes a member of an impaneled grand jury and while he does not do and cannot possibly do any act of service he is nevertheless serving, but that when he becomes part of a grand jury and can and does render service he does not "serve" is substantially to say that when he does not serve he "serves," and that when he does serve he does not serve. The word "serve" as used in section 210 clearly includes every act and exery situation to which the word "serve" as a grand juror can in any sense apply. There is certainly no language in the Code that intimates that a grand juror is not serving when he is acting as part of an impaneled grand jury. On the other hand, it appears from section 211 that serving on such a jury is the only way in which he car "serve," for it provides that, if at the end of the year there shall be persons selected as grand jurors "who may not have been drawn during the year to serve," and have not served as jurors, "such persons may be placed on the list of jurors drawn from the succeeding year." I cannot imagine how, in the face of this provision, it can be gravely asserted that to "serve" as used in section 210 does not mean to serve as a grand juror. Clearly section 210 limits the term of service of a person selected as a grand juror, limits it for all purposes, limits it as to all kinds of service as a grand juror; and, after the happening of the event referred to in said section, he is no longer qualified as such juror. This plain and obvious meaning of the Code is, in some of the respondent's briefs. sought to be explained away by the assertion that, while the term of a grand juror is

91 P.-63

It is also sought to escape the plain, obvious meaning of the Code as above stated by invoking the rule of stare decisis. This attempt is based on the case of In re Gannon, 69 Cal. 541, 11 Pac. 240. The opinion in that case no doubt expresses views favorable to respondent's contention, but, so far as it does so, the opinion is, I think, clearly erroneous. But that case does not support the doctrine of stare decisis for several reasons. In the first place, the rule of stare decisis has seldom or never been successfully invoked in a criminal case involving liberty. It applies to civil actions where a rule of property or commercial business has been established. In the second place, the question here under discussion was not necessarily involved in the Gannon Case. That case was an attempt, on habeas corpus, to be discharged from a judgment of imprisonment rendered by a superior court for contempt committed by the petitioner in refusing to testify as a witness before an acting grand jury claimed by him to be an illegal body; but the court held that the illegality of a grand jury could not be thus collaterally attacked. The court said: "The authority of such a body, whether it be de facto or de jure, cannot be legally assailed or called in question by a witness summoned before it. The authority of such a body, exercising its powers as instrumental to the court of which it is a part, must be respected and obeyed." That was an adjudication of the case on that point; and whatever else was said in the opinion was obiter. The position taken in the Gannon Case, which is here relied on, was also assumed to be correct in the case of Kelly v. Wilson, which has not been reported, but may be found in 11 Pac. 244. That case, however, was decided at the same time as the Gannon Case, and was based entirely upon the authority of the Gannon Case, and therefore adds nothing to that authority. Afterwards the only case in which the Gannon Case was brought before this court is the case of People v. Leonard, 106 Cal. 302, 39 Pac. 617; and in the latter case the part of the opinion in the Gannon Case here relied on was questioned, and substantially disapproved. In the Leonard Case the question was whether a valid indictment could be presented by a grand jury of a former year attempting to hold over after the list of other persons had been selected for the succeeding year. If the court had been satisfied with the opinion in the Gannon Case on that point, it clearly would have acted on the authority of that case. It, however, proceeded to inquire into the very question disposed

of in the opinion in the Gannon Case, and should be denied due process of law. The held the indictment good because it did not public will suffer nothing by a compliance appear that a new list had been prepared for with the Code provisions about grand jurors. the coming year. The court says: The court says: "It does│A grand jury can be immediately drawn from not appear from the record. and is not prob- the box of 1907 and legally impaneled, and able, that, in fact, the jurors for 1894 had such jury, if there really is a prima facie case been selected and returned at the date of of guilt against the petitioner, can at once the finding of the indictment. If they had legally indiet him, and he then can be propernot been, it was clearly proper to continue ly placed upon his trial. the jury of 1893 until such event happened." This language leaves an inference as broad as the trail of an army that, if the record had shown that a new list had been made the indictment would have been held invalid. While this may not, perhaps, be said to be an express overruling of that part of the opinion in the Gannon Case here relied on, it certainly undermined and shattered it so much as to leave it without value as a basis for the extreme doctrine of stare decisis here invoked.

I see, therefore, in all that is argued by respondent, no successful method of evading the obvious meaning of the Code provisions on the subject of grand jurors; and why should not that obvious meaning be accepted. instead of trying to find some hidden and labored reason for evading it? The kind of construction contended for by respondent would be too strained to warrant even a ruling in support of marriage, or legitimacy of children, or any other status expressly favored by the law. But when such construction is invoked in a criminal case, and against the liberty of the citizen, it is, in my opinion, beyond the reach of the farthest and thinnest shadow of any legitimate principle of interpretation. The history of free government presents no spectacle more noble than that of an accused American citizen successfully demanding that he be proceeded against according to "the law of the land." The right to make such demand is the beneficent result of centuries of struggles by English-speaking people for personal liberty, and to sustain the contention of respondents in the case at bar is, in my opinion, to clearly deny that right, and to mar the most important and sacred feature of American law. When a list of persons have been selected in January to serve as grand jurors for the ensuing year, why should not a grand jury when afterwards required be drawn and impaneled from such list? In the case at bar it may be assumed that this course was not taken through inadvertence, and not from any unworthy motive. But the power to thus juggle with grand juries-to retain the old jury indefinitely or to impanel one from the new list. just as certain ruling interests may be subserved by the one course or the other-is a most dangerous power and should not be countenanced for an instant, unless clearly given by the law, and the law gives no such power. It would be better for a score of accused persons to be temporarily discharged than that one accused person

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GLASS T. SUPERIOR COURT OF CITY
AND COUNTY OF SAN FRANCISCO.
ABBOTT v. SAME. SCHMIDT v. SAME.
(S. F. 4.803, 4.858. 4,855.)
(Supreme Court of California. Sept. 23, 1907.)
In Bank. Separate applications for writs
of prohibition by Louis Glass, by William
M. Abbott, and by Rudolph Schmidt against
the superior court of the city and county of
San Francisco. Denied.

D. M. Delmas, T. C. Coogan, and H. C. MePike (D. M. Delmas, of counsel), for petitioner Louis Glass. A. A. Moore, Stanley Moore. Earl Rogers, and Alex. C. King (John Garber and Garret McEnerney, of counsel), for petitioner W. M. Abbott. Edward F. Moran, Cleveland L. Dam, and George Appel (John C. Quinlan, of counsel), for petitioner R. Schmidt. W. H. Langdon, Dist. Atty., and Wm. Hoff Cook, Asst. Dist. Atty. (Hiram W. Johnson, of counsel), for respondent.

PER CURIAM. These are applications for writs of prohibition. The facts in each of the cases are, in all material respects, the same as those in the case of Halsey v. Superior Court, etc. (S. F. No. 4,853) 91 Pac. 987, this day decided.

Upon the authority of that case, the application for a writ in each of the above-entitled causes is denied.

(152 Cal. 23)

MANN r. MANN et al. (Sac. 1,406.) (Supreme Court of California. Sept. 19, 1907.) 1. FRAUDS, STATUTE OF BOUNDARIES-ESTABLISHMENT-ORAL AGREEMENT.

An oral agreement of adjoining landowners to exchange certain parcels separated from their respective main bodies by a road, and that the road should be the boundary line, is not effective when there was no dispute as to the real boundary, which is known.

[Ed. Note.-For cases in point, see Cent. Dig. vol. 23, Frauds, Statute of, § 112.]

2. ADVERSE POSSESSION REQUISITES - PAYMENT OF TAXES IDENTITY OF PROPERTY.

Under Code Civ. Proc. § 325, providing that adverse possession shall not be established unless the parties have paid all the taxes, pay ment of the taxes according to the original description will not sustain adverse possession in a defendant who has fenced and had actual possession of the tract under an oral agreement with an adjacent landowner to exchange certain triangular parcels separate from their original

main bodies by a diagonal road, when there is no dispute as to the true original boundary.

[Ed. Note.-For cases in point, see Cent. Dig. vol. 1, Adverse Possession, § 518.]

3. APPEAL-HARMLESS ERROR-ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE-FACTS OTHERWISE ESTABLISHED.

Where plaintiff in an action to recover possession of land shows a clear title under an absolute conveyance, which is not overcome by defendant, any error in the admission of the testimony as to a right previously acquired by plaintiff under another agreement is harmless.

[Ed. Note. For cases in point, see Cent. Dig. vol. 3, Appeal and Error, § 4035.]

In Bank. Appeal from Superior Court, Tuolumne County; G. W. Nicol, Judge.

Action by Daniel L. Mann against Catherine Mann and Esther Durgan. From a judgment for plaintiff and an order denying a motion for new trial, defendants appeal. Affirmed.

J. P. O'Brien, for appellants. F. P. Otis and F. W. Street, for respondent.

SLOSS, J. This action was brought to recover possession of a parcel of land situate in Tuolumne county. The plaintiff recovered judgment declaring that he was the owner and entitled to possession of the premises. The defendants appeal from the judgment, and from an order denying their motion for a new trial.

The land in question is a portion of the N. E. 4 of the S. W. 4 of section 15, township 1 N., range 14 E. On February 1, 1882, a United States patent was issued to Thomas Sayre for certain land which included said N. E. 4 of the S. W. 14 of section 15. Adjoining this 40-acre tract on the south lies lot 2 of said section 15, for which on May 20, 1882, a patent was issued by the government of the United States to Sarah A. Mann. The defendants are the successors in interest of Sarah A. Mann, while plaintiff claims to be the successor in interest of Thomas Sayre. For many years prior to the issuance of either of the patents above mentioned, a county road. known as the Woods Crossing and Campo Seco road, had run, and still runs. diagonally through lot No. 2 and through the N. E. 4 of the S. W. 4 of section 15, leaving a triangular piece of lot 2 lying to the north of the road and a piece of the N. E. 1/4 of the S. W. 14 of section 15, similar in shape, south of said county road. The latter is the parcel in controversy. The respective patentees of these adjoining tracts had been in occupation of the same before they received their patents. About the year 1873 the Sayre tract was inclosed with a fence. The Mann tract was inclosed with a fence in the year 1884. In inclosing each of these tracts the owners built their respective fences upon the lines of the county road; that is to say. Thomas Sayre built his fence along the northerly line of the Woods Crossing and Campo Seco road, thus inclosing the portion of lot 2 lying to the north of that road, and the occupant of the Mann tract built a fence,

along the southerly line of the road, inclosing a portion of the N. E. 4 of the S. W. 4 of section 15 within said fence. Thomas Sayre and his successors have, during all of the intervening years, included within their inclosure, and occupied and used, the portion of lot 2 which lies north of the county road, and the defendants and their predecessors have, during all of these years, included within their inclosure, and occupied and used, the portion of the N. E. 4 of the S. W. 4 of section 15 which lies south of the road. On August 29, 1903, Ann O'Donnell, who had succeeded to the interest of Thomas Sayre in the N. E. 4 of the S. W. 14 of section 15, conveyed to the plaintiff the strip of land in controversy. By showing that the property in dispute was a part of the N. E. 1/4 of the S. W. 4 of section 15. patented to Thomas Sayre, and that he was the grantee of the successor in interest of Sayre, the plaintiff made out a prima facie case of title in himself.

The defendants pleaded, in their answer, that they were the owners of lot 2 in section 15, and that for more than 25 years the Woods Crossing and Campo Seco road had been recognized and acquiesced in by the defendants, their grantors, and predecessors in interest, and by their coterminous owners, and by all other persons, as being the common dividing line between the Mann tract (including lot 2) and the lands of the adjoining owners: that about 25 years ago the said county road was fixed upon and established by the defendants' grantors and predecessors in interest and by their coterminous owners as being the common boundary line between the said Mann tract and the lands of the contiguous owners thereof; that said lands were inclosed and fenced according to said boundary line so fixed and established, and that said inclosures and fences have ever since been maintained upon said common dividing line; that the lands involved in this controversy are included within the inclosures and fences of the Mann tract and made a part thereof.

In the cross-complaint substantially the same facts are alleged, together with the further fact that during all of said times the defendants and their grantors have occupied said lands and premises and claimed the same as their own, and during all of said time have paid all taxes which were levied and assessed upon said premises. The cross-complaint prays that the defendants' title be quieted against any claim of the plaintiff. The findings of the court were against the affirmative defense set up and against the allegations of the cross-complaint. The court found that the dividing line between the N. E. 1 of the S. W. 1 of section 12. and lot 2 in said section 15. is a certain line as surveyed in 1884 or 1885 and established by iron pins driven in the ground. It found, further, that the county road above referred

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